<ƪ>ŮҪּ
ŮҪּ
ߣ  
  
ݣԪ1644-1911  

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ԣҽߣҲ顷ءڣ֮سɷΪ˹ҽѣҽŮѡС 
ΪƿƣŮȻСԣŮԲܾΩָ֮£֤֮ڲӡ 
⺽԰Ҳ׶᪻ƣＴһʱҽۣ֮ǣɿƾٳΪף 
﷨֣Ա֮ػ˷ֿ飬ţ֮ε 
Ϊĵһ֣ҽѧ־ѡŮҪּˣ֮꣬ 
ԡĺ飬֮ƳмѧļˣΰɡªΪ֮򣬺ֺ֡ 
ĵ䣩αֱȴ󸸹֮ϾȲע˺ǳעΪǰȾעҪǳע 
Ϊ󼯣ʾߡšŮҪּһ飬Ⱦ֮δ䵱꣬䣩ܣ 
֮࣬ʤ˪¶֮УʮӡҲ龫ǣߣ֮֮Ҳ 
У֮Ըľϡ 
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ԣԻøѪΪҽѪʵָں 
԰Ի֮ѪҲӰ֮⣬Ϊ֮ҡơóڰУŮдѪ 
˶֮Ůֹ֮ͣӪ޻Ӧնһ٣ֹͣлʼѪӦ¶һ£ 
Ůܸ֮ҲһƣרΪơá̫ͨʢʱ£ӡʱߣ 
Ѯ֮ڶһ£ӯ֮ʧڣš 
˸ԻŮк٣ɲΪִ֮Ůʮ֣֮ĴԻù 
¾ΪţֹȷУ֮ޡ١٣һ֮ԭί޲ڡš֮С 
֮峣֮ҲƢΪθΪţʱ£ڡԻѪβѪζ 
ΪѪΪ֮ԭͳΩƢθƢθѪνѪˮ֮ҲѪ֮ǰ󡢶١ 
޲һν֮Ϊʧӡơ̫ظߣҲߣŨҲȸ߶Ũȥ 
ƽθɢӴơҩʵ֮ࡣơ򱰼ࡣߣҲߣҲҲ¶ 
ݿӣಹܺ顢ּƢ֮࣬Ծˮʵ֮Ҳ 
ƫʤ֮ߡ΢ơø˲¾էࡢէ٣ǰʱʹҽһΪ 
ʤʤԷҩЧʤ䣬ѪӪˣν캮ضˮɱէ 
٣º󣻣ϾСʤѪɢ磬νȣˮڣէ࣬ǰ 
һ£©ֹѪʹԣƽΪڡ΢ͳ֮Ҳԡ 
֣רָƢθԡƢߣ̫֮ʪҲԵ֮ʪʢʤ飬ھ 
ࡱּ֮Ҳθߣ֮Ҳ̫֮ʪԵ֮ʢʤʵھظ֮ 
ּҲ÷㸽˲ΪʤӸɽ𡢸Ǽʡ컨֮࣬ʤ֪ء 
ˡŶ֮࣬ƽƽǳǳУ಻ɷϡȻ֮ѡ¾һʵ© 
٣֮޲ӦȡЧ˲ؽ֮ϰŮ֮࣬עѡ֮ңʶԣ 
Ϊضԡ԰ӣò˶֮ȴ֮֮ԻáྭػƵν׹Իôʦ֮ 
Ѫ֮Ҳ˼鲻ɼ֮ʾˣй񣬱ѧ֮ˣ֪ĳŨߣ֮ 
ԻŮ֮һһУ䳣ҲȻ󣬻ͨ䲡ҲвڲߣԸ˵ 
Իгб䡣˵֮ڣѪ£ֻѪѪ۶ѪߣνУ 
һߣνӾһһߣνꣻһж̥ߣν̥֮оߣ 
ν̥ʢ̥̥£Ѫ¶̥׹ߣν©̥쳣֮Ҳ˽Ϊ 
ʧ֮УȫթԳɼңӲΪҲָ˻ߣعš 
Իþ򲻵ȵӣԸŵ֮ 
Իҵ֮˵Ƿǲΰ롣իԵĪȥ¼֮һԷ֤η¼֮һ 
ֲͳ۶֮˵ϱ⣬ȫ¼ں 
ơøˮѭ ӡ泱ȡʹԡŻкгѪģк 
ȡŻУкƫںʹУԱȥѪгʹΪ˳ 
Ѫͻ裬ΪѪͻѪಫΪʹѪݲٺڣѪݰʢ 
Ю̵ʳ䣬Ϊʹ辭򲻵ȥ䲡ԵҲ 
Իø˾º򲻵ߣºͨߣȻͨУмʹߣм淢ߣ˷ֶΪҲϸ 
֮Уǰߣ˺ߣǰΪȣ˺Ϊ顣 
ͨУѪߣѪߣѪѪ˲ҲʹУʱʹߣоǰʹߣʱ뾭ǰΪѪ 
ԾΪѪҲУгʱߣозߣʱΪѪлΪѪҲ֮У 
ַΪӡ֮Ѫ˼ŭ᲻Уǰ󣬺κ¶˾򲻵ͨ 
ʹҲѪУֹѪֹѪΪȣ㸽֮ҲͨѪ 
ҩΪ֮Ҳ 
իԻðȲ¾ߣ򾭲ߡ򲡶󾭲βȥ 
򾭲жȵ򾭵Գһۣν֮ҪȻƫȫʲδּ֮ 
Ϸ֢ϵͳ۵󷨡 
Ի÷ΪרƢθھ֮־䣬侫Ӻνڵ 
Իáʫԡ˼а֮ԡ㲻֮۴ӡ֮Ƣһ¼ԭģ 
ֲɼ֮עԸѧе֮ھơá֮ƢвŮӲ£䴫Ϊ䴫Ϊ 
ϢߣΡԪ̨עơöθҲΪ֮٣ˮȣ˲ߺҲƢ 
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θƢҲˮ˥٣Ի΢֮Ѫݣ²ʱӡùƢؼ¹סŶ 
ʮעơô˽ڵӡƽ⡣⣬ԣ 
Ƣˮ٣ܱ仯Ѫ֮ѪѪ࣬Բ£ùƢҩΪ 
ߣ֮֮ҲҲݣθҲùƢӵƤӡعƤҩ 
ΪϢߣϢϱθҲáѡŶθơΡһΪѪԭ֮Ҳ 
Իø˾գգ̥ˣ䲻ҲŮв֮ 
ԻŮˣڸˣԶŮ˻ȫ֮ˣѪӦղУѪɿݣ 
ΪתѪɿߣõ鲹Ѫ󶬡ָǮ˸ʲݶǮ鼫߼ӸһǮ֮ȻʧΣ 
ȿԡ״䣬֢ӡߣáѡŶҩʲţϥ֮࣬ 
 һ«Ե֮ȻʧΣΪѪѪԡ񩲡ӡλʢвʹ 
񧣬ңɢ䡢ĸĵáƤ֮ࡣľңϴʣҩΣ  
ζңɢ峣ӺʳٸͣӸɽ֮ࣻƢԳ뻥áȻһ 
Ǭ¡꣬Ϸ֮Ů귽ʮ꣬ʼ򾭱գо֮ҩЧйкֹʳ١ 
񡢰ζ֮࣬кΣѪáѡԳʯ֬׻Ըɽ׸ӣ 
ÿ¹Ǯֹйк죬Ȼٵ侭ˮ˼йкʣˮͨӡַкѪֹ 
Ӹɽչ֪¹ζܲѪ֮ľɱҲԡԢݡ 
֮Ů࣬ʳ٣ູӡҽູνҲͶѪԡʱ 
ˮνԻô֢ƴȫкǾѪڱֹдƤë͸һ·ԺѪҲ޺ѪƤë 
¶ӡü֮ҩѪڶͨڳ˾жѪֹǲҩЧҲ 
Ρ࣬Ѫᡣüǰ裬ֻսһ 
Ρһ£Ѫգȫӡ˶Ϊһһʵ֮ԣѧ˵һ֮ 
ԻŮһһһ䷽ӡڵһ飬ֹȡһʮŷ̫ 
Իáھֻʮ˺ֹۡһһʮѡֹжʮν֮ԺϷ 
٣಻㼯ҩƷŮ֮Ϊǳªʧũּ֮ʥƷ֮ǳª֮ 
ǳª֮ҽ֮ǳª֮ҷ֮֮Թԣվö˥øҲͬѧԺ 
ѧ˼ʿҲԼΪģ֪֮һУδ⾪סּ˲㣬ףҽζȻȡϰ֮ 
ѡ֮ǳҲ㸽ǮΪȡ̵֮裬ڣ 
ߣ֮Ҳּ˸ʲǮΪȡپ֮ʣߣѪ֮˶ϢҲ 
ǳΪ档Ωھپߣ֮мӼ׷þѪڶˡ֪ 
أڶӽ𡢰Ҷʵ߼ӳƤʵ߼˲ΡʵߣӴơʵʡţϥ 
ԵֵʳߣӲΡ¹סţϥ⣬˲жʹܰߣӺ 
ľ㣻жʹߣ˲ΡɽˮͨжΪѪѪߣţϥ֭ͯ㡣 
ƦʳߣػƼʵġɫߣ 
ҲӾƣߣҲˡƤعƤߣҲЮ̵ͣˮԻ֮ӲΡ ¡ 
룻ɫ̳ˮ©ˮߣ϶ټӷ硢ܴ綹֭ߣˡƻߣʪ̵Ҳ 
ɿƬѪߣҲԪʵƤɫϺߣ߶֮࣬˲֢⣬ 
񺮡ȡͷʹкӹ֦棬޺ơϸ֮࣬ں׸Ƣң䲻 
 
롶ھ һ«ȷۣĸʤ𵤡˳֮࣬ Զӣ 

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֣һǮ֣ ˲  Ƥ ģ̨̥췶ơС֦ȥƤġ   
߰ ˲ݣһǮ Զ־ȥǣ֣ ζʮ أǮ룩 
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ˮɣõܺһǰҩڼڣӾƶ룬ͯһ룬֭ɣȡ⣬ҩɹΪĩ 
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ӱĸʹգʡ컨 
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ٰͬöҲãţʤΣһ룬ֹðҲ裨룩󣬸 
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ҩҩҲŶʲݣθҩҲ˲βࣻҲھѪѪĲڸҲΪѪҲ 
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νβһζȥѪѪʿνȥ֮ѪΪ֮Ҫҩ 
֪ݾơáζ΢ĸаˮȻֹۣ֢һȴ 
ɽȡͨʮ֡ĸаа֣ĺ֮ҲаļаڸӸڣ 
аڳУˮಡڸɢ֮Ϊ֢֢ҲοҲۻɢ 
֮Ϊ߼ҲٽҲߣͨĸаΪ٣аȳȻ棬ǵ 
֮ܲҲ꡶ּ֮רаĸ֮а֮ã̿෴ƽʱ̥ǰ 
֮ҩ֮޹ˣϷν 
Σ֣ҲŮϰõ֮һҲԻĸνĸͨѪˮȥ£Ϊ 
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һһ󡣡ͨʮһ֣һԼ˾֢֮ơ΢¡ߣôľ֮Ҳζߣ 
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澫ߣԾʳ֮ɢڸζ֮Ҳߣϴԡȥ֮Ҳ΢΢ 
 
ȣ΢磬Ϊ֢֢ӡ֢ҩᣬһգܻĪ졣 
ӣɱ˲Ѫ֮԰֮Ůϰĸ֮˶ҲԻڡʱҽػƴѪ 
ʳԺڴ֪֮ڡݾأ֮书Ϊ֮Ʒܼ 
֮ţҲΩھűż֮ȡζɬ֮ܽűҲż֮ȡζ᳦ܼ֮Ҳν 
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˹Ҳʥ֮ԣֿԻáӹªӡΪҽ˾ν䱮棬ǹ̸֮ 

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ԻøӣɾˮˮԲߣ֮ˡ֮УѪƫʢ¡ 
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ġŮʥԡ󶯣֮УҶ֮Ůǫԡþ֮뵽ʤѪ 
 
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⣬ܳƪ֮ҵңȡ徭Ŀʱģ޶壬Ωʧ֮ʱ֮ȣ˹ 
ӣҴ׶ʱơ̥ǰѪƽٲȣѪ̥ѪΪ 
ʳˣ̥б֢԰̥Ϊơð̥֮жĸ¶̥ߣ 
ĸ̥԰̥̣дĸߣ˰̥ĸʯɽơ÷̥ǰѪƢΪ 
ΪŮ֮ߣഫ˵һߣơ̥֮ϵƢ֮ϵҲ 
̣ӣʹкůȻ̥ճ׹֮ݣαضԻˡգ˴Ľڣƽ׽ˣ 
е˲ɲͣȡΪҲ 
Ի÷ơѪ̥쵤Ϫν̥ǰѪΪ԰Ϊ̥֮ʥҩ 
ͬѡ¼Թ֦Ϊ׷д֮²֮ԯ֮죡 
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ԻúءϪۣ֮ԭӡѡ֮ɢѡ֮䱾ƪ̥֮ɢͬ壬 
ƽ֮ƫƫŨݣ²֮ȣ֮ຮȣ֮ϲϲȣֺ֮֮ 
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ԻáѡԹ֦ףԭơá˵ƽС˿ʣʳ޺ȣ 
֦֮ڷʮյд֢ҽߣȴһ¼ߣ֮עʧ֮ǳʧ֮ 
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Իáѡơ˵ƽߣԾˮУΪ޲֮ˣƽΪ޲֮ϲ֮⣬ 
ԻáҲơСߣ½߲ϡж֮ССǵɬΪѪ֮ 
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ʱѪУʼʼˮԳѪ֮ʼܻԳ̫֮ʼ 
ܽԳɽ֮ʼľԳɹǣ̫֮ʼԳɷ֮ʼ 
 
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ǰߡԶ־һɡ֮֮࣬ѧ֮ͨҲ 
Իø֮磿 
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Ů̥ҡΪ˳ϸ΢ΪҲ 
Իʳɡҩɣ˭Ϊ 
Իôһ֮巨ƪŮƴɡĿ飬ԻϰΪ 
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ȻۣƼǿ˿Ͷ֮ðֹ˹֮ӣҩߣɲ֮᪻Ү 
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飬زд֧봦ǺҽЯԭģתĸ֮ҽѴ׽ԼƤë˵֪ 
һѣ಻дƴǺҽˣܵĺ֮ʵΪ¡ҿԻñ 
پɣš졢ǰĴɣáѦիžԺĴɡʱСָ֢ϡ 
ҩҡݵӡػ̿ݵǡƯһҩ̿иָɿǣζ֮ࡣη 
ڱϣ˫ɽߵ֮ã޾֮˵鲡˲ˣϺӳࣨࡢ󶾡 
󶯻ÿٷ˴к£ĺ֮ԣò磬˿ϡ㡢롢 
̶١޼֮ΪҩϴƤʺɹ⡢֮Ϊ棻ڡָϡУƶ֮ 
Ω̡ʿ֪س֮Ǵ֮Ŵ˵ԻҶʿһɡ˹Ҳ֮֮Ϊ 
˹գ 
еӣٱȥ֮ʥѵ಻ʧΪƸĹ֮ӣ 
ѡơԻ²һԻԻðԻѣνҲʦԻ²֮η 
޺ͣΪ޺֢ƺ˺֮ͷް̦ͷʹǿ֮ɱҲȻ 
кֿ䣩Ѫ飬ȣູϲз磬Ѫֶ𣬣 
²֮ηѪУУѪڣΪȡʹ֢ƺ˺֮ﲡ޻̦޴ 
֮ɱҲȻѪ£ֹֿࣩѪѪй򣩸Ѫģ 
࣬ѪΪʧأΪʣͷѣĿʡ¶ð²֮亹 
ѪУֺֿѪ࣬£Һθɣʴѡ߲ͬΪѪ˽һҲΪ 
Ϊ٣νֹҲ 
²֮ȻҶ֮ηںð֢֮ð 
ѶѪ˽£ʣ΢ΩŻʳ㷴ᣬΪѸ֮ 
֢һ޺ͷϣΪð֮ר֢ȻߣѪ飨£Ϊ£ʣ£ʣ 
Խðƶ֮ػð֮ˣԻðҡ֮ð⣬أ󺹳ʼ⡣ 
Ѫ飨Ϊʣ򣩹޸ݣϳͷͷΪð֮ĿҲԲͷ 
ȳ֣ϲͨߣԣѪ飬ʢʵ䣩ˣƽ 
֮࣬Сתʹ֮ƽڲ󣩴㣨֮У֢ңᣬ 
Ѫй֮࣬ѪɿݣѪ¡ò£϶ΪŻʧУΪʳ 
θΪѪѪ֮ˮȡ˵֪Ϊƽθתθ˳ΪθʺΪθ֪С 
Ϊθһη롶˺СơϽͨҺ¡θ䣬һڣΪ֢ 
֮עҲ϶֢ͳԣС֮Ϊð֮ߣ䲡䷽Ҳ 
ð֮ȣ⣨ʳ߰ոߣȻȶ񺮣֪䲻ڱӡʳ 
ȣ֪鲡Ϊʳ֢ӡΪθʵ֮Դ֮ʵ֢ʵ֮Ҳη֮ 
ãѭ飬ٳգӹӹ߲ԹҲη֮ùѿѿɽ髡֮ 
࣬θΪ¡ 
飬ͺѪ򣩸 ʹԣ֮θкޣͲ㡣 
θ˵ ʹߣʹҲͺ裬ԵͨѪ֮֮ͣȻ̥ǰʵʵ 
ɢڼߡккˮʪ󣬴飬ԵѪѪͣɢͣζŨ 
²ѪѪ¡аɢʹֹӡ˷ʩʲκ𡣻̫֪ν 
ֹʹѵɾݣգ 
Ȼʹвߣɲ֪ʹΪҲͶ 
θͶԣҲԣʵҩɢ֮Ϊʹߣ䷽Ҳǵ 
Ѫ֮ͣνͨʹ֮ҲԴߣ 
ƢӸŧ֮ 
ʦԻòʹʵҩɢߣΪѪиѪʹ£ʵҩ 
ҲѪ֮ˮΪʹ£䷽Ҳ߲ȥԻأ 
ȻвרѪߣɲ֪߰գޣͷʹȡ̫֢֮ٸʹ˶¶ 
߲ѪѣȻ䣩㣬귢ȣ΢ʵθ֮ʵҲ磬֮ 
ʱҲ䣩ٱȣʱߣθ֮Ҳʳθʳѣʳ 
θ֮Ϊθ֮ҲȻȷ֮棬ҲҹҲҹأҹ䣬 
Ӧ˥֮ʱԣΪθ֮ʵȣҲ֮Ǵ֮ 
ٸ֮ڰҲѪٸθʵȣԴ֮ѪθѪȥ 
ȲѪδȥҲ 
ҹ֣Ϊ֢ĿΪĺΪѪϽڡ˺ȣˮ 
ˣĺ״ߣΪѪҡԴѰ֪֮ҹ֪䲡רѪҲ 
У磬ʮղ⣬ƲӦڹ֦֢֮ӡȻͷ΢ʹ񺮣ʱʱȣԹ֦֢СΩУ 
ƣһ֢аΪ̫֢ࣩ֮ŻΪ֦֢б֢֮ǹ֦֢һ㣬Ϊ 
֢֦ΪӣΪ䲡ã֢ߣ 
ʯơþٴĳΪһһ֮ӣ֢֮Ҳ 
ԪϬôԲ֢δգö䷽Ҳ˺̫ۡƪӸӲ䡢֮ 
䡣ߣĲ֢֦ȡ֦֮ԭҲߣڹ֦ԭ⣬֦ϹҲ 
ڴδϣԹ֦ӻΪ֮ز⡣Ӷ֮ҲȻ˷˺ۡ 
رá֣Ŀ֦Ӹ֮©ߣΪ֮ͬ죬ֹ֮ͬ©ߣ֮ 
ߣа֮Ӧ֮ҲϽȳʵ߰գھ˽ڱа 
⣬ʮ֮ã֮ǳ˵ҲϪνΩѪΪĩ֮ 
ơҩ֮ӹҽ׾֮ˣòֱ֮ 
ĵͷ۶񺮣ʱʱȣԺŻǹ֦֢ù֦ߣƣù֦ȥҩ 
֮Ѫɾȥҩ뵱ʮ֮ã뷢 
©ı൱֦Ӹֹֹ֮ڷ֮УΪ˿˿Ҳ 
ǰԾΪ֮һȻз磬з罫侷֮з磬ȣ࣬ͷ 
ʹ˲̫̫飬ֲʤаϿֱΪҶ֮Ϊз磬 
аʢߣ䲹ɢа֮ҲҶΪߣԷΪа⼴Ϊȣʢƽɾɢҩ 
УȾҶƣŽ΢֮Ҳ̫֮ͷϣѭ棻ϲӸ 
飬ңŻ棬Ƥ֮ 
ҿơߣ֮Ҳ֭ȥ࣬Ѫθ顣ھơߣ֮Ҳ鲻ʤ 
򷳣ԽŻ֮ҲŻŻ֮Ҳȫ飬Ȼҩֹ㡢𡢸ʡʯࡢ 
ޱߣΪŻΪ򵨸аŻΪֹ֮ŻΪãԹ𡢸ʷ 
ΪʯϽ֮Ϊ԰ޱȥ֮ΪʹҪ֪Ż޳ʹ֤ 
޺֪ҲڼӹУʲݶ࣬νɢ֮а֮м԰棬һ 
ע֮⣬ԻƤգӰʵÿ򣬵֮ 
ľģβ˸ƽҲȱޱǰޱȥȡʡ̾硷֦ĵơúȸߣȥ 
ӰޱӸ֣Իޱ֮ȥȿ֪ӡ 
ʪȣͷ֮ʤʪԳȣҲ鼫Ʋɲ̼Ρ 
ͣߡҺΩԣͷ̼Ӹʲݰ֮Ϊ֢иʲ֮УԲУ 
֮ȥ磬ԺѪԴԴΪ󲹡òΡߣ֪ӡΪ鼫ߣ 
䷽Ҳ 
ѡơáǧθˣδУڲ꣬Էȥ±¶壬 
΢磬Ѫ֮а룬֫ෳȡȻ֢ͷʹ֮벻ʹͷʹߣǷδȫΪȣ 
СԽ֮ͷʹߣȫΪȣʢԣ֮ 
ĵøߡѡأǧ𡷡̨֮Ƴԡѡ˱֮Ի 
áǧڲ齨θ˲㣬дʹֹٸмĦʹ 
ʳһ£յ÷ġΪƣǿ׳ˡ 
ҿơò㣬飬顣աǺΪηڽ 
Уӵ鼴ƫڣԻڲ齨νдʹֹѪҲҲʽ֦ 
֮£֮ʲݡ֣Ƣ֮ѪǡԪԸ߷ᣬʹֹ 
ҲȻ֦⣬ͨѵδ֮ٸĦʹʳߡǴ 
ȥǿҲԻһ£յ÷Ϊƣν˼ڴ˵֮޺ʱ֮̾Ȼҩζƽμ 
ԵԻǿ׳ˡƴǣ鼫޿֧ţΩרڲƢƢΪ֮ĸֹһ 
Ե·ҲȥѪ࣬Ӹɵػơ 
ԭƫضҩǲõػơҲ 

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飨  ⣨һ 
ζˮȡ·ߺϣ 
࣬һʹŻߣƤһߣˮȡϷ֮ 
ԻøʹвۣвԺ޸ޣ֮Ѫ㣬ٶｪ 
ڽޢɰЦҽäָϡ 
ԪϬ÷еѪ֮Ͷʹ֮ͶʹҲ֮࣬Ϊ 
Ѫ֮ζ ŨŨ֮󣬼Ϊһңõ֮ѪѪ֮֮ͨ 
֮ͨͨʹǱ֮أν͸֮֮Ҳ̫֮Ϊ֮˵ 
иɣ֪߼Ƕȥ 
\xʵҩɢ\x 
ʵڣ̫ ҩȷ֣ 
϶ζΪɢذӸŧ֮ 
ԻԸƵʵ΢ֵƽӦβ֮ʹη֮ʵʹɢ 
ࣩȶ¡ 
εʵͨͣҩͨѪͣͨʹ֪Ҳʵպڣû𻯶ƹͣԴ 
࣬͸ƢжԢ֮⣬Ӹŧ֮ 
\xѪ\x 
ƣ ʣʮ 棨ʮöȥ㣬 
ζĩ֮ۺΪ裬Ծһһ裬ȡ˺϶ٷ֮ѪΡ졣 
ԻʹΪ꣬إƣ ʮƼˣ 
ԪϬòʹʵҩߣΪѪɣΪͣʹ£ôд 
ơ֮Ƴ ֮ƹѪ˾֪֮һζƽƽдйѪѰܶǵ 
ͨҵ´֮ѪʣζܿйֱѪж֮ɢ֮ɶ 
Ҳ 
\x\x ֦νӻߣδ֪˺̫ۡƪ䷽Ҳ˼Ҿ 
֦˺ۡ 
\xҶ\x 
Ҷһѣ   ۹ ֦ ˲ ʲݣһ ӣһöڣ   
棨ʮö 
ʮζˮһ룬¸ȡ΢ͷǿôһö֮綹󣬼ҩȥĭ 
ŻߣӰİϴ 
Իôͷ죬ɾһ۹˲ͬͬһ 
öһʮöҶһѣ䡣 
ӼԻͷǿߴ󸽵֣ԴСͬ壻Ϊӣİߴϴ 
ơ֢δţȡࡢͷʹ羷֮Ҷ羷ھƸվ 
֦ᾷɢа۹ԣɢ֮֮Ҳ˲ҺӲˮ֮ʲԺҩ 
ʮͬãвΪз֮Ҳ 
\xƤ\x 
 ʯ֣ࣨ ֦һ֣ ޱһ֣ ʲݣ߷֣ 
ζĩ֮裬Ӵһ裬ҹȱޱ߼Ӱʵһ֡ 
ԻŻ飬ν֮ʱʤҶҲʯ㣬ޱһּӲߣ֣ 
Ч졣 
ӼԻðޱȾ죬ȱӾǡصýŨҶҶ鱾λʵ֮ģɼһ 
ֶۣ 
\xͷ̼Ӹʲݰ\x˺ۡټӸʲݡҲʦơò鼫ߣ֮ 
ԻðͷѼǰ裬ʲݺͣɼ֢̣һʲݻ伱Ī 
ԪϬ÷ȥѪּ࣬ҺΪɡ鼫˴󲹣Ȼ顢ܺ֡ 
们ѣΡ 棬Ϊָ֪֣ԣ֢ͬ塣 
֢Ծ֢ͷԾͬ塣˷ѦիžʿıԸΪຮ 
Ϊɿ⡣ڼӸʲ֮ʣζ֮࣬ΪʻҾ֬ѣ飬ð֮󣬺 
ζ֮Լ֮Դֹ 
\xǧɢ\x 
ˣһ Σ ɵػƣ 
ζˮȡ·һ³档 
\xǧڲ齨\x 
飨 ֦  ҩ ʲݣ 棨ʮö 
ζˮһȡһ飬֮ڻϣůȥѪ 
ֹ࣬ӵػϰζɰ޵飬Դ֮ܺԸɽ֮ 
Իáѡп֮ 
Ի侫΢β֮ٳһٶ֢֮֮ǧٷ©硶 
ҽпνӣһ֢ȻӣŵΪѶУڷ 
֣ʮ֣ǳʣȴ뾭¼֮¡ 
Իòں鼲΢ǲԻóСʵҼ쵤ϪԻ̥ 
ǰȲԺԻ̥ǰϸС߶Ի̥ǰ֮ʵ 
֮飻̥ǰ˳̥ҪҲҪԻ֮ؼ뾭ϸҹ 
ʹб䡣²֮ΪʵҼθΣ֮򣻻ɬ֢Ω 
ϸǲȫԻòͯһյñԣ˱Ŀϴԣ˲ 
ϥ㣬дͷŨ̱죬Χıڣʹ޿϶磻ԴѬǣô̿Ƶִ 
ԷѪΡѪ档գʸʹʹͯ;ƷߴΡѪ಻ɶ࣬Ѫ֫ 
ѪΡƵʳ࣬ʳ⡢顢ͷϴ㣬԰ΪȡѪߣ 
գ֡㡢ʹ֢ԻͣơʱŮй԰ 
²ɶޣ龪ɹ࣬ˢݣѪ棻Ѫƽ¡ʱ 
΢ɲɽɲգ顷ԻòѪ飬󲹣¶δòѪΩ 
вܻ䷽ҩԹöҲѪ鵱ֱѪרѪ 
רѪҩԣܺ顢ζƹѪѪԺڽ˲ݣζڷθΣѪ 
ζвʵʥҩҲ 
ĵòһƣټһͷµؼаƽ׳ߣ 
һѪѪѪ̥֮ǰΣ֢Ƶ˼ֹճշһ 
֮ѪҲѪʹ֣컨֣ĸǮѪɫѣ˲Ǯ 
٣˲αӡ 
ȫԻòѪߣɰѪξڻͷĿΣƲʡ£ν֮ѪΡѪ 
飬ģʻԲʡҲͯáԻòѪģʳͯ㣬 
Ҳ¹ջңͯ¼ѣѪЧ֬죬ɢ÷굤ĸҲ 
ԻòӴʯ̿Уͨ࣬УڴǰԴ֮ɳѪΣʱΪѡȡ 
Ϳڱǣôԣ̿ʹһոᣬѬĸ֮棬ѣ޸ᣬ೴ 
ԻòϹʹ¹ʹѪߣ˷ӹĩֹǡƬѪҩ 
ʹֹѪδ࣬˲ĸҲʡԻò֫ףɰѪͣѭ֫ 
ˮƣ֫סҽ˲ʶ֢ˮ֮ˮõˮҩ˲飬ҩ 
֮ν飬´񣬷СɢѪ쵤ϪԻòףôѪΪߣʹ 
ˮѦիԻǰ֢ˮƢΣ鸡ףƢθˮף˲Իò׻ 
洭ȣϸŻ˥Ƣ麮ζ֮իԻ²˺׷ʱ 
ȣȥѪ෢ȣж¶ȥȣ鷢ȣͶʳͣͷȣ״ʳҪϸ棬в 
ֲѪ飬֮䣬 ðԣأ亦ᡣзȣΪ 
Ӳ˲ΡڽЧǸɽȣѪҩѪ֣ҩ֣ȥ£֮ȣ 
ϡھּ֮쵤ϪԻòȣȷ֮ȣȶԲҩ֮øɽߺҲ 
ԻøɽξѪҩѪȻɶã벹ҩͬã컯Ȼ֮իԻø˲飬 
ݣɢ⣬ȣѪ˸ɽ֮´Σ両ɢ֮ԹҲԻòʧѪ 
Ѫشȣ鷢ȡνѪ֮ҩαرУν֢׻׻ʱ 
ƫ֮Ѫϣ֮뵱ö򵱹鲹Ѫʹ֮ 
ɲ֪ҲԻò顢Ѫȣߣڽ˷ȫҩѪҲ 
ߣʹˡӳɽߣȡɴ΢΢Իò 
էէߺΣԻѪɢէէҲߺԱ֮ԻʱʹߣѪҲ֢ 
ߣҲѦիԻģѪѪһ飬أҲѪΪ 
ʡԻòͣɲ¿Ѫ¡ӣʳգ޼귴Ѳߣ 
ڣƽɶѪˣ֢֮ӡѦիԻͣΪƢθ 
ʳ٣ƣƢθʳһ䲡鼯ԻòС㲻ͨ 
ģҲѣδǰڻ²ܲƽôа׵һָŨϣ԰ 
бϾ֮븹ڣʵʱͨ顣쵤ϪԻƲ㣬²죬ҩ 
Ρ Ϊ顢ΪʡƤΪʹڼʱ֮Ѫ賤꣬ԻѳɹҲҽϾ 
ԡԻŮӲ飬֮壬Ӿ硢Ѫ֮Ҳʱʼ̫ξѨѨϣ 
УʮʱξѨѨ£ϣ£βѪ 
ҲիԻøѪ£Ϊ֭ΪˮѪ֮Ƣθʳ֮΢ӪˣΪ顢Ϊ 
Ƣθ֮Ѫ࣬Ƣθ֮˥Ѫ٣ի֭ͨ׳Ƣθ̻ԴΪҪҲƢθ 
ԲѪͽ֮ͨǧؤɵӡƪԻͨû һǮơľͨ 
ǮѦիԻ÷Ѫʢ鷿ͣ޶ʹͺȣѿ죬ˮ֮ 
ɢѪˣƢθʳж֮һѿѪ֭Գߣʮȫ 

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ԣԻôӡ̥ǰƪֲʱۣν˹˽޽Կɹ 
һƪ Ӳһƪȫ¼ѡԭģСע֮˵øں󣬲һ۶ϡһ֣ 
죣 
ԻȺʥپɶ˲󣬸Ҹ˵ֹۡ¼ѡȫģ 
һ߻޹⡣Ӳԭ죬ҾӸ⣬ǿֳת¡Ȼӱ 
ߣѡڶʮƪУѾߴҪڰ˽ڸΪپĿţ޸ʣ塣ѶڳСעһĿ 
ȻѶ׶ӡ䲻°׸֮ߣҲҷѧֹ֮Ҳǰ˲Ϊ֮ƣȶ 
ƪӴ¶죬ϣ΢˭飿 
ѡơøз磬߰գҵ˶ȣУһ֮ʱ䲡䣩ˮ 
ʶϣߣԾˮڣȷ⣬뾭߲֢ͬΪѪϣѪΪ 
аؽᣬڳ塢Ρ֮δ࣬ⲻڱڱ֮䣬ʹ 
ű״УʱԣС֮ﾭ֮ᣬԽ֮ת֮жѪ಻ӡ 
ΪзѪҾˮʶߣ䷽ҲаѪңھ磬ѪѪȥа 
ҿѪȥаóҲСаէ֮Ѫӡ 
Ѫңз֮˺Ȼ˺ȣʱˮ಻ֹѪҿ飬 
а֮ҲΪĺΪѪ֮޲ˣѪ֮аʣĺ 
Էϰ֮£״ߣҽ߿侭֢֮ԻãΪѪңθʵҲ 
 
θʵ֮ߣޣҩ䣩θԣ϶һԻθ֮֮һԻθ֭֮ 
Ժ֮Ωٹ侭ˮѪ֮Ѫθˮ֮Ϊ˺Ѫҡˮߣ֢ 
ҲʦѪδᣬаؽԽ⣬֮ɣ֮ɣ޷֮Ҳν 
Сν˴ţǳһۡ 
з磬ȶ񺮣аʢ֮ʣˮǾˮ˳֮֮Ѫֽȡ 
񣩵ã֮ڹߣգգֵ֮ڡа룬а⣩ȳ䣩 
٣֢ͣΩѭв֮䣬ʣвʹ֮ʹС֮ 
ʼʹֱ𡣾ࣩأ֮״ѪңߣΪѪҲҪ 
ͼ̣ļ֮ţʵȡ֮ν֮ʵаʢʵҲ˳бƪһڣзѪ֢֮Ҳ 
һԺѳԺȷʢǰԾˮʶϣԷˮ֮ǰѪű 
вأǰԴΪ 
ȻвھˮĤΪѪߣɲ֪ѪߣΪѪң֢ͨ޺ 
ͷϺţʵк֮ͨ ȻѪߣؾоˮ֮ 
Ҳ֢Ѫͷ֮Ҳ֮ȣѪϮѪس˾ˮ֮а 
֮ΪѪȥȳ룻Ϊ룬ѪȶҲȻѪңΪԳ 
֮ͨһ޺ͨ中֮֮ͷϺη൱ţкʵ 
Ȼ֮ͨ 
УȻ֮֮£ν֮÷˲̵衣ԣŨ 
֮Ϊ̵ߣ䷽ҲҿơСңÿҭԲ԰ŨͶ֮ 
ÿϸ֮ơҹе£ÿɫڼᡣ׳ʢ֪ܺ㣬 
ȣẮ΢Юϳ塣ʺҭҲڴ˷Ӵ轡ջƤ˽ 
ԻӼ֮ŲҲ 
֮Ϊؾں࣬ѳ֢ͬ䣩ޣ 
ֳĲּ䣩Ƿƣ죬ֳȻߣ־𣬶عģˣؼҲ 
ԣ֮Ϊ䷽Ҳߣ֮Ҳɫ࣬ûɫģˮ 
ζʣζƢθֺ֮ʲݡ֮ʣϡ¡ˮ֮Ҳ 
ĭϽкҲҽ߲ɢ֮룬¼Ʀĭԣ 
С֮⺮ĭɣֹĭֹ󣬣Σ䣩Ʀ˺⣬˿ɹ֮Ҳ 
к֮ΪĭƦȺ֮Ҳ 
֮ߣ¾Ҳ¾²ߣ١Ի飬Ի䣬Ի 
ߣ򵥲֢򻥲ΪƫʤΪΪˮϾ˸֮ҲԻ 
κΣԾˮжٳ٣򲡣©Ѳ֢֮ԿԴ֮۲֮ԣ 
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ˣڣڶ⡣ᡣˮ֮Դͷˣ򲡱ӡȻ֮֡䲡ϣ 
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ѾΩڡѡӲȫʴ£һһ֣޲֤֮ӡ 

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ԣù۲ʱϰޣ԰ֺޣҽ顷İ˾Ĳ롣ơá 
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߷ίȺӣǸִԻ֣㾭¼㣬ڸͦһ֢֢࣬ 
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ǰ֮Բǧ֮ڣһʱ֮ɣ䭴󷽱֮һ¡ 

