<ƪ>ɽҽ
ɽҽ
ߣëɽ  
  
ݣԪ1644-1911  

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<ƪ>һ
ԣɫǼ֮壬ɼδ 
ˣʱƩл𻼣ѱУ򲪷ӡ 
ȻΪͻн֮ߣҽັ˵ھҽ̲ף̫ҽԲΡ 
Ϊ֮Ի˥δߣ̿Ҳʳϵ 
Լʡ޶ԣ֮ʣܼΣܶ 
 
գԻлɫԻͼɣݲʰδڹ첻 
棡ߣ֪֮ӡ 
֤ΪҽҪءܱ֤ͶҩҲ 
ҽ 
ߣƾ˾Ωѧдҽ֤ԻΪܣҩΩ 
ƽΪνʤƫִϲߡ֪ҩñ٣ɲʹа 
ӣԮΣѡƫִ棬ΪҽɣȻ죬 
ڲвţƽ֮˼֪δЧȡ޺֪֮ѭ֣ 
ǳѰ֢֮ҩͷ 
顷ء飬侭Ԩӣÿڣ̲һ־ 
 
ǰעͣɣĬ˼֮˽ͨӦ֮ÿ 
ˣʱ顣ܱĳɨ͵زʱ 
ʼѡӣ̸ƼзߣҲΣڵ 
ԽޡԳ̲֮ţڪδ꾶ӡ֣ĳż΢ 
ԻýҩΩᣬʪ̵༴ǻ𣬻ɢӸʱ 
Ժϸ顣ԻþԴ࣬һΪǳؽ֮ 
Ϊ⡣Ժ󶾷ݴƾ֤ƺ˹Ӧӣ֪΢ã 
вܶߡĳիɫѯ֪Ⱦ£жΡ 
нȻľѶᣬݿݵݹ̺ʿԲԣ 
Ωʱ뼰˪ľ֮̽Ȭϸ˼ʣʱ 
м֮ңд죣ȻΩڴ˶ӡԨ΢ 
δ˿֮ҽҲңΪ 
֪֮ĩʿ䱸ԭԲ಻벡ԾҲǷ 
֤ѯ䲡֮ڣ֮ɣʵɫٹгɼԾɡ 
֢ظ֮Ȼ֮죬׼޳֮ǡר 
źΪƾҲֹ֪ǿ£ν֮ԭ֪ڲ 
ָ֪֮ܶڹ޴˱ΪԣӷҲ 
Ԩ΢δαж 
̥ǻΩ־̥򣬳Ʋȡǡδ֮أߺΣһԻ 
ҲһԻ壬ٲʱ治ҲһԻͦߣظУ㲻¶һԻģ 
ĸģ̥䣻һԻʼѡߣĸӵôһӡ̥֮٣ 
ͬߣ̥ʹȻȾãΪҩ 
̥֮飬ںμգ¶ߣ£̥Ըĸ 
֮ڶľȣʮ¼ʼ 
Ӳзڨĸ޲ʹޡзضԵ¡ߣȢŮ 
δ¶һУݵЦ֪ض˷ʡӺ󽥳Цò 
¡Ⱥʼ͡ղߡԪ˵ءɰζ壬ϣ 
ʼʹˣŮ壬Сڣղ䣬ʡÿ 
طң鿴μʮ£趯ʹ 
ԽգԻ֮ȡӣ֮һ̥߹Ǽʯ 
ƻ̥ʮꡣ举Լʮߡ̥£йߣʹ̲ɽҲ 
 
ơö鲻壬粻ԿַΪҲҽΪǹ˷ۣΩ 
һ֢䴫䣬ʿᣬɾִһ֢Ϫν࣬㣬 
ѪѪʢ˥ӡζ 
»ԽνࡣڶԫƢθΪŨˮ㣬Բ 
ΪΪν컯Ω˴֮רó廯֮Ʒ 
֮ȻǸδ֪֮ӡѡơΪ͡ 
Ϊָ͡ƢӪѪйԽ˹ƢӪΪҪԾѪ 
ڶζ׳ˮԴ֪ǰм˲ 
ã֪֮ 
Ҳൺҩβ²ԡòҽ粻ҩβףҩΪ 
ѶƧÿ䴦ҽʿҩνùδطһ֮Ҳ 
βزʵʢʢ飬Ѫºƽˡʡ֮ 
Ҳ 
֮ҽʿÿ֮ˣͶ²֮һ֣Ϊš֪Ƣ˥ 
ʳθ仯壬Ϊ̵༴ǻ𡣹ˣͬɣ 
ͨΪǼּأͨΪҲ̥Իǧ֮ľԷ٣ 
ףȻҲν๵ضӵζˣ֮Ǵ²Ϊӡ 
̳ãѮƢй겻ҽͶ²ת磬ʿ֮ðͶ˪ 
̵˷֮ڱ֤ã֪֮ҽ಻ҷӺԻ 
ʵ飻ֹʵ飻ʵʵ飻Ωӹܲ飬ʵҲ 
˳ļҽȡ괬ֺĩ֮ҽã 
ƶϷɷУδڵߡ®곢ٴ¹ЦԻȻԲ֮ջ 
ѧˣۻ衣֮֮ˮɾ̰ʳȸ֮·֮ܣ 
ӣ֮񼲺®Цνǹ̲̫ࡣҩÿȡ 
࣬ӣԴﲡдˣٲƿҭ¼ 
ֹϴܶҩĤѶ衣νҽҲࡣԳ 
δԱִͨΪЦ 
ҽʿÿͶΪаɢ򰲡̷֪֤һˣ֢ 
ͬηб𡣸аɱʪҼɺǰ͹ѵŷѡע˺ʮ 
ԽΪգ㾭ڣαɢ಻̫ǲд 
ܰԪ²ÿӡ˵أΪʱо֮ 
ڵϦʲߣĲ֮ĲԻôףֶ 
ΡԻóŵϦηĲԻ أҰҶϣ֮ 
й꣬ƹ䡣֮˹ˡβҩڱ֤ 
֤ҩηжϣʮ£ 
̫ҽʢ֮ʢνУѪƷŭԻ˷ˣ 
ˡ²磬ǰʢڱң䷽ʢһ̲޵أ 
ֲ⣬ʢ⡣Խգ˺ʢѺǰ 
Ũ͹ӡѯ֪֮ҩѪƽɼʶ棬ҩηʢ 
ҽΪӡ 
̫ء֮֮΢컯ܾ֮˸ƶز 
ֹ֮֮֮࣬ͨ䣬ϣ 
΢Ҳϼ̫ء飬ģҲһ֮ϵɡ˹ 
ΩǣԻ飬Ȼ»λ޾ 
ھ¡壬ףŨ䣬Ҳ 
ԸľλΪŮԷνλΪȡ֮Ӧָ妣 
Ϣӣ֮ԣɰ˹֮ɷҲȻ 
Ӧˣɢͬ޻ߣܲҪգ 
޼޽֮ҩҩڼ֮壬δҩȲҩȡЧ 
Ⱦһҽҽ棬żУҩͶ¶¡ʫԻ˲֪ 
ҽһָ˲ҩƶ˲ѭ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣԻ÷𣬷Ȼ֮ʧѾãδ 
֮ǳ꣬ӡκԤ¼νԻ÷ 
ɽ֣Ҿɫҩ֮Ȼʬص죬 
֪ͷ֮ʱУУʬͣգԲ䣬޻ࡣ 
м꣬ߡʱԻ÷δ߲Ωʹ 
߲֮뷽Ρǵˣơڶ 
ҺʣӾңôУӯ¿ӣϸɰϣ縡Ȼ 
ȡ¼ˮԾΪ裬֣ȡ絭ɫ 
Ϊ裬Ǵ˶뾭 ʼ֮óɾת֮ν 
ãݷ˲йҲ 
ߣҲسɶΪ֮Ѫ֮ 
Ȼ֮з֮ȴ꣬಻˲ʳȻӼʳ 
ʯߣϣʳˮߣͺʳߣ¶ʳߣܶزʳߣ 
٣ʳߣʳܲҲġ˵ ӱ󼢣 
߸һӣʳ;ڼڿڣСҶ磬䴦й 
δʽʱڣп 
Ωһܣ糵֣ȻѨС飬֮ʳʳ꼡丸 
Яʦʾҽߣ֮ݣϺ֮Ҳܲʳ٣ 
ǧϺҲʲ䲻ʳȢسɵҩҲ 
¼£·顣Ȼ˼ڣУȻȳѨԲʳ 
ⲻ׽⡣ 
ھۡ³̫ʮģ뷢Ȼͯӡ齸Ժ 
Ω 
һң֮⣬Ⱥáߵ֮Իʳȡˣˬڣʳ 
֮ʱƢθƽʳϹ ƷУδã 
ܱ˲ꡣݿڸϧΪǡʤҩʯೢ־֮Բ 
زƣʳʣϷҩײҽһ 
ΪΡӺТδիɫ˥ᣬ֮Իȥȣ 
δϸָҹ΢ɬԻôпľʧˮٲأ 
̫·ʧѪ֮ӺԻʳ룬޾ҲԻȻ 
оҩ֮Իҩʳзʼ⣬ҩΪ첻ԡδ 
붼ŻѪδһ꣬ھ 
ൺʱпΣҽҩ²ȣϧգ 
ۿһ֢ǰְʮ֢֮塣Ȼ֮Ҫʵ 
 
꣬αµŷ޾̡Ǳͬڽ̳ʱ¹Ŀˮ 
ϴ֮ǱԻĿɵϴĿв֮в֮ͬҲ³ֱԡ۶޾ 
ݱࡣĿ֮ܲγݵ֮ξ˹Ϊ֮νôĿ 
Ҳսᣬ׸ãĤڱΣƩ֮۹صĥϴǴ 
ʱ 
Ŀ࣬࣬ڵ¹飬׼ĤʼˣȻԲܷ磬 
 
Ŀ֮𡣺˴һնҰɹԺĿӡ 
ʱӹǳҽϰдݣҩ죬ʲ飬֪˼ҽ 
˾ 
֣أˣſ֪ӡҪ֪˱δʶ֣֪ҩ 
ԺͶȣʶѧǳǿǶ֣вԻּ 
Ī棬˲߰ΣĴ󵨣ĪΪÿϰ֮Ʒбߣೢ 
δζ֪˳֮ҩʮζζ 
ȣ֮쳣֮ҩɫ֤Ϊʱɫ֤Σ 
 
ϲ飬гȻ֤ߣǰȡ֢ȡȡȡ֢֮塣 
磬ФУ컯ɲ䳣ܾҲ̫ҽ׫ 
δܾй¡ԨΩ΢ã֮䣬ָգս 
ԻָߣҲͨߣԶҲš˺ȫΩ 
ȡгԷʵ֮䣬ڶʢ֮䣬پֻ֮Ҳ 
Իʹһʧȵк֮ƢθʳΪҲȻзǲϼ 
ʮ겻ʳȻߣӡݼһʮ꣬ղʳ 
̣öӶƽʱѮܵң˻θʹȻ 
ʲ޺ҲӰࡷơٵ֥ͥʮģ漲ʳȣŻ 
֭ʱХΩһʳϼ 
걣ˮ޸к֮ʱѮʳ⣬ֻʳϹöѣʤ 
ˣ֣ʱȢһŮΪ಻ǿʳҲʮ 
ꡣһպ˼ʳ棬ʳ֮İʳݣ⡣ʱճ 
ЭУԵҽĪ֢ԻʳңȻδ塣νǻ̵֮Ϊ 
̵θ䣬ʲʳ̵֮༴ǻ𣬾֮ʢ̵ 
Ϊ֮˸ʳǰʮǿ֧֣Ϊ֮ö̵ 
ܶǣδʶȻ񣬴֮ʾӡ 
ҽȡǿԴÿвƣҩ鲻ߣ˵Ҳġ 
顷 
ءʳ£ҭҽĪ͢ʵһȺҽȡãԲ 
Чߵ͢ܣҭ𣬹Դ֮ʱԻ 
ʵ÷ʹ˹ι졣֮Ҳνζʣ̵ܶʳ 
ҭΪ̵衣ʵԺʵÿ͡ʤ֮ȡ飬 
һζʵͨҭգȺҽ֮ɸżӡ 
Ϸʪʪȡÿ࣬轵˸֮ 
 
ʪ£űǳ΢ʪȣȾܻʪʪȽ 
֣ѷҲÿʪ붬ʼСʵ΢ĸ 
 
ʪż췭̻ҩԶƫδͶ֮䡣Ͳζߺô 
һڲкҶ¶ҶգȥҶȡ¶ƿ̡֮ 
ģһףʳ޲࣬ɳ˻֮顣 
ŷҩֻһζߣԻȡרЧҲ֮顣Ī 
 
ܱ־ӳϣӽ䣬ʳϹ򻼸ʹҹſޣ⾡ 
һнɮţ֮Իô˺г棬пΣһ£ȡʿ 
٣Ϊ֮Ī׿ϣɮгҩһк׳ʹֹ 
Īһࡣ֮ʹܣ֮򲻶ϣҶɫ죬Իõ÷Ǳ 
νߺĿɱ棬״ơļ־ءɽ׳ 
ҽƣԲܽһ飬ҹѰ룬ڿˮ壬׶ 
ޡӯϯĸٿ֮ˮͽ֯ҲԹ֤ 
˵ϡ޴˲ݣδҶ಻ȻҲ 
ϰԹҽأ˵е֮ʱ顣귢ĳ֭ 
 
̶̷Ϊ⣬شʹöʹ֫䡣ﳢңҽ 
־ƽʳ糣ϸӻƤɫ졣ԻӪ䲡ѯ 
ƽպʳԻáʡʳ쳣֮Ի֮Ωڶǰ 
̷Իòӡʳͣ屭˴£̺ڳƷԴ֣ 
ˮ 
ܶԻΪʡɱԻΩȡ̽£޹֮棬 
״ʵ¶Ȼޱ̸޴ء۹ˣʹǣģȺ 
ҽΪ֢ĲԻô˷Ҳ͹֮緢֮ߡͷѳߣ 
ˮξһҲż˵֮顣 
˵˥ҡѣ׳꣬Ϊ֣ʹߣѽܡ 
ݻ 
żġ廰й̳ҩ裬֮飬¼ڴˡԻǼ 
ػƣľɺӣϸҶҪ൱εȷͬջ٣ϸʹ 
޺ڣ˭֪ɷơ÷嶥ʦʮʱҡ 
׽ȵô˷ 絶أҡ߸ӡԷɮӨʱɮΣ 
٣̣֮촫ơ 
֮ҽʿвȡ֢ƶǶܽӣ亱Ȼͨ似ߣ 
 
ˣô٣֮Ѷ֣֮᷶ɸӲ䣬 
¥֣ҽˣΪ֡°֣ĳΡȡţϸ˿ 
ǣҩĩɢϣԼƤ֮ƽೢѯ似֮ڣơ 
洫ʮҳ˿طȻҩݷУɽȡ겻ãȵô 
ҩ 
ɽӹǡΩอӡġ ޱࡷءý棬ҽ 
 
ĳĸ 븹ѶϣڽԻôΣʮ켲ҩ 
󳦣߷ɸУҩһҹգһ´ϣʡʮ 
ΣԻަʳңӴ˳۴อ֮Ҳ 
ܼ̫ʷڵͺеɽ׹֣ҽʮ 
ĳҽ 
ΣƵ֮ƧʮҽҵũҽѰ٣뷢ףĸ 
Ũѯ壬ν;ˣ䭿Ҳϸ˺ۣԹϣпȳˮһ 
ףҩͿ֮ԼԽʹһ¿һ겻Զʼʲ 
޲⣬ڶɼƧĴ壬֣ᣬ似 
Ѷϯ̸£켾̫֮ҩľ 
Ƕϣôվųɡ꡸¼ء췽ˣ߰ʮ꣬Ըߣ 
ʳΩ۾£ۡʯף 
ʶ֮ٹ⣬ۼ֫ߣǼľҲȻ 
ڱ˹಻׵ơݴˣԣӡ 
̩ҽʿεˣ֪˼ĪɹšǬ¡ʱԽТΣ϶鳵 
۶ 
вĸɹҽȡ¿֮ԲΩʳ¿⡣֣η 
ɣֵԲ԰׹ԣԽ磬һϢɹ˿֮ Բ֮ҩ 
ĩ⣬һҹգȻԵԹԺʮʼ¶ƽ 
ҽˣδдҲ 
Ԫʱиչ϶׹Ŀھޣأҽ֡ 
ʱΩ 
˾ĳʶ֢Լȥ࣬긴һ࣬ȥ֮Ըȥһָ 
ҩͿ֮ԽϦĿɣ޼ࡣ¼ ɽ»νĳ֮ 
֮дҲù˾˻ػҽˣĳ֢Ϊ֮ΣϧԪ 
δһѯ䲡Ҳ 
ʧѪ֢֮׷֮ѡٴҪһвֹѪѭ 
 
ֹֹֹѪȣӣΣ˷ΡѪڸΣʧְ 
Ω֮ʹƽѪ飬鲻ܲأѪֹҲ˽ 
༴ǻ˳𽵣ѪУԲ𣬱úƢθƢ 
 
ͳѪ˹ѧ˴ڴȡԷѪ֤ҩʮһ 
ͯһܽҲνͯ㲻ԱΪѣȿ 
ʹʧҵ֮ʳԶ̡ʳ֮һҲ 
ҽҲ֪䣬ʹľÿͬһвټһ鲻 
֮ 
ߡҩ֮أ䲡֮ǳʹʴﻼ顣һ֮ӣ޹ϵ 
ȻǧоһҲλʳ첡ƢйҽҩδЧ 
֮ô裬Ի÷֮ӡԻòʳԱҩ֮ܲԭҲ 
֮ԡñطʼͬӡ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣҽҩΩƾζԷƫʤ˽ҩۣƶʵߣȷǳƷ 
 
֮Ͷҩǲδ֪֮ͷ֮ʲ¡ĳ 
ؽᣬʮգø裬δЧ֮Ҳϸģʱȡöʾ 
ೢ֮ζʡԻ«ɰζȡ໬򣻽ζʣα 
鷽Ժϣһ֪ͨҩ䲻ɿߡҩɣνδ 
飬Ͷζ쳣Ҳ֪ߣʹľ 
Ϊ¶ҹСͶ΢ʹ﹥ȺҽĪ֢ 
 
ҽӡҩϣԴѬۻƶסԻô 
ҲǱ߿ߣҹ֮³ɴ˼긹ģгˮ 
 
ɾӡۻƺ;նкˮñ֮Ӧ棬 
ࡣƣηͶ֮ȡЧ죬һҲ 
ơҪСּ뺮ʹůʳ 
ͣ 
֮ౣӤ֮һҲ̵֤֮жȣÿ׶Ͷ 
 
԰ƾӣָΪӣԹһܼȣÿ޶ãԳѪ顣 
Ω֮Ϊδд˻ҲȻ֮ӣй 
Դ̿ɣõѣѪ磬²ʳɲ죣 
ԴͿմȡ١ǡޱǡԡءܼˣ 
 
һ澱棬ʧϣԴͿ֮ۡɼʱ 
˵ӦȡЧȻഫ̲Ҳ 
ͩԣˮͣģĿףΣ 
 
һգڼҴм嶹㣬˼ʳ֮һ̣ʳĿڣСˬʳգ 
ͨ׽ཥС¶νˮ֢ԴиȬⲻɽ⡣ 
Ի÷˸мζഥ֮ʱ΢²ΩζͶ֮ 
һ񬡣硶ھԡٲ㡣Ǵ˵Ҳ 
зҶĳڻһϦСʱģٿε𣬷Ҷ 
͵ 
ͬҴԢʱߣνԻҶ׳ʢǿβ֮ 
֮ҲԻô˴ǲɢʡʱпɾȷԻð 
ĩνɾȡ꣬츰տۻƶɣͷϣŰۼһ 
˵أѯβԻñ޼࣬ƻţѼңδڴˡ 
ԣԵ֮ʱգ꼴Գˣͷ룬 
䣬ʹ˺һˣȭͻܣʶ·ǰ 
˳еߣ֪ڴҲ۴ˣɼ淽켲֮ 
У޲ߡȻ΢Ĳ׽⡣ 
ۡ漯ءúȮëĿ絤ߣģηͷ֪֮ 
ͷ 
ġǡʱ컸һ澣ÿҹԣͷȥ֡ޡԣ 
 
ϪУзͷߣзͷ֮ͷһգǰкۣƣ 
֮˼ҹ״粡ͷȥξơ棡˹̼Үӣδ 
ʶɶá飬޴ӿ֤ 
ΡĲɽҩˣʯȡˮĲһۣԻô 
ҺҲ 
֮ڰյڣݼʾ䲻͡һԻúԿ˶ 
ժҶƬʹʳʳ֮ů쳣˸һᣬԻùϰ֮˼ 
ĺ似·Լһ˵ͣĲԻôΪ߻ 
δ룬пɻҲȡҩ裬ǿף֮йաʩҩԻù 
ϬҲùϬ˾߽ǣܽ֣ʱ̣ͷʹƣʾȺҽ 
Ϊ磬ĲԻôҲҩ۽ǣгȡԵ֭ҩ 
ԻôǴ˲ܲԺ첻 
Ѫ֢ÿپкķ֪νкߣʵк̫ 
 
ľ֮аҲƾ֮ƷõˣȡЧ̽ݣʩ֮֮ˣ 
ʱҦɮ̹ҽֵ۲ȣƣҦߣÿҩ۲ӣ 
Ԫ۵ļȺҽ֮ƷҦʵ޷ǴƲ 
۴ˣ֪֮ãаգδɻʩ 
ͤĸ踹ʹƵΣ٣ɽеҽΡ;һ̣ͬ 
 
ͤʺʣҽԣгһԻô˼Ҳ֮Ч 
ںȼ䣬ҩйĸһԷʾˣǼǧ𷽡ƢҲ 
ǷȲãкʩŷǷܶƶγʽޡ˼㳢 
ʱ󺵣ɮؽ̳꣬գˮҹ˼ң 
ԻõҲɮԣ꣬ʵɱң֮Ի 
֪ɷʮףҽꡣԻô˷ϵ۲¼θߣ 
÷׫ʮÿһºĪ档ڣǼ淽Ҳ 
ҽѧʮƣΩЧ١ȻǾ似ߣԡơ㣬飬 
 
߾׳߲ӡԫԻȣʸ࣬ʱߣ 
Ҳֺݴˣ֪麮룬ʵȼɾġδʵߣʹգ 
ҽҩȾӦأ·ݣ ֮˹ڣ۹ 
¡ңоƴ飬ƴ˼ǧƥ͹֮жʮ壬 
Ƕ׸ȭʯ׺ǣʳ֮ʹ̹ǣ˫ĿΪ׸Ŀ 
ףʹȻ֮ԻΪҲ丸ĸߵ롣𣬼 
ԺѯѴʹ֮룬׸Ӧֶ䣬ʧ 
ҰݣЦԻᰧ֮ΣҲ˶ȥȻ֮ 
ֱѨʧ壬ǧ繫ߣʼ伿ӡ 
̷ͣϭϣǹˣʱƷ㣬֣¶ޣ 
 
ҽν˷磬аڱղΡһϱȡɣʮԻУȡ֭;ƣ 
˷֮飬ˡȻӦҽ಻ɲҲ 
г 
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̩ƣߣ׾塣׾һľܣ𹳣ư֦ 
 
ӯ磬ָ죬˪ζ¡ƿ׾ľ 
һ֮ƽԵζʱ˾Ʒȣȡ֭֮ǻζ¶ 
𲣬Ҳݳ̼ɽ֮жһѻĿһʣ 
ë 
ɫ߰˴硣ԻգԻгɹġߣʯѨ 
ʯ߳ﶬѨѬ֮ߣѣСԷȡʢƿȾָ 
ָϣʸƣϬǼ⡣ѨضϬɱҲ 
 
վҵҩģڱͬҵƾۡͬμڻкЯϬһۡ 
ĳ 
ӣͬйۡԻôǣαҲԴ˷䣬ɻʮȻɱ֮ 
ԣαúʶߣεֹ԰ٽ֮ڷٻ٣ 
 
㵨봨ĩڼ䣬ٹȡĩʺ֮տơ䵨 
Ŀ 
ȿࡣСϣ󵨴ߴ֮Сӡߵ 
˰䵨ʼҳУ˽ȡʫСýѳӣ˰㣬֮䡣ٽ 
ߣ ٸαΪ֮֮ؼЦĿӡ 
ʫྫʹɫáྫһīݣ󷹣ɫڡɾ 
òľ֮ͨʳ֮棬Ҳ 

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ԣǱëɽī¼̸ҽ֮˵ҽзʸ¼ҽ֮ĩͬ־ 
֮о 
\x۴زܱʶ\x 

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ԣճ骣ֺԾһʱʱڲƣһӣ 
 
˺ΣȺҽ֣ؽӶˡӾ֮Իá˺Ϊٲϵ 
֮ڣʶ棬ҩղҩ֮˵ν˺ɷ 
ҩνҩ֮Ҳ֮δҩͶҽ߱ȱ֮ 
 
֢䲡飬䲡֮ڣΡ̫֢Ҳ˺֮ 
 
˺ͽ̫֮а֮䣬Ժ 
֮а̽ᣬͶ֮ܳ˵֢ΣܶԲҩ 
ʼ󣬲Ҳپ֢֮Ϊ˺ߣ̫֮㲡 
һһͬа֢֢һٷаȣԲȱ㣬 
漱Ʃܷ֮ţңδвߡ֢ڵϦ 
ֺܴδѣ˱ҡ֮Իáں 
£ǺشȻȣǱаݣƽڱӡ갴ʱ 
 
ڳֳ֮ߴң΢֢вʹޣ֮ 
ʱҶвʹߣѭвڶҲ 
΢ߣѭڸҲаּ֢ 
㲡Ҳ֢νó̫֮֮аƺ֮ 
֮ȣһ 
ˡݿ̣ҺѽߣͶ֮Ҳ 
Σ𡢸Ȼ֮ƷǱнȻʯࡢຮ֮ҩ 
Ω 
ܲа֮ơȻҽұھʱ 
θһڡ˼һ֮һ֮Ωȥʵһ 
֮ƷýҺ󸴣־壬ͼߡһ֮î֮ 
΢޼ӡʱУʹ֮̽˴Ц 
ԻáǷǲҮȻɽȥ̸ҽӡΪţ 
νԻáڴˣơ䲻빲ǧΪ 
۲ءޡǹ飬֮ҩĹģúɫ԰δ 
ϲɫԻá𣬿ӡΪɾƴ˲ 
ȥȥΨΨϤתݣǹ顣Իáԣ 
ȥ˱زΩ֮շǧ಻ߡţ֪ǰ֮ʧ 
ĬȻһյǰΣգ࣬νԻáҽ 
գ飬ǰһ˵ȡһ 
ѯؤϯȰΪϥʼý⡣ι飬ֶĳ໼˺磬 
һʻʣ֢֮ƣԻá׶ǰһӦٽӡ 
ˬȻԻáʼ֪ҩ֮ҽ֮Ҳ죬Գ£ɡ 
Ǳлͣҽꡣ 
Իīۡҽۣδɾ壬⣬༨ 
ĩ 
԰ϡϸʼ֮£вߣֱˣ 
 

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ԣʿģҲҽһʱʱ̳ã̩ྫ 
᪻ 
ʮƢйȺҽ˥Ͷ̲硣ӣϣԻ 
áʶ̵ͣѸҩ֮ɺԻá֪ҽΩ 
ˣҷҩֺɣðͶ˪̵³ĳʱʢ 
 
رգʩձʣأ̺䡣֮ԻáҲ 
ˮඥ֮ͨʯŨηһȥٷȥ 
ʣΣȥΧ࣬ʧӡҽ֮Чˣ 
󣬷ǸҲҲ 
ͯԭԻһʱ֮Ǹ˲£뼯Ҧ졣Ըδ 
ǿͬƷʵ˹С 

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ԣҦۣ֮ʱҽȾ̫ÿУ 
 
졣̸֮渲룬ʳ񼴰ۣ֮տһ 
ʱҽغڣ߻Ҧƶˣÿʩҩȴ֤ΣգÿӶ 
βߡӣò乶⣬ˡʣԻá˱ 
ڣκƶʳ֮ҮʱʷѧѲϣ 
Ӽǣĳ֮С븧𣬼޸Ϊɼֱӣ䲻ԡԻ 
мԻáз缲ԻáβƣԻḁ́磬Ҳ޼ 
ȴǰ򣬺֮ϣԻá˸ϱһϣˮȻ 
޴󾪣Իáأ֪Իáֹ֮ 
εҶ©©شй֪֮ʼлҩԻáҩҲ 
Ͼֲ֮ԻáճߣʮտɵУʮճ 
䡣 
ԻƶӣʱдˣҦ෴ҽۣȥߣ 
δԵӡ 

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<ƪ>Ԭ̷ҽ
ԣ׳ ԬԢիϽԬ֪ҽ÷ҩãҩ 
룬 
Ұǽ弸޺ƣΪһʾԻá֣ҩζƽף 
ٲ棬ʹ֮Իá֪֮ȱ򲹣Ʃڷδ𣬶֮ʹ 
ŨΪӡҩˣˡζżһ֮ͨ 
ԷƷΪա糤Ͼһ֢֮˯ħ˾ϸ 
࣬νŻɹȣսź֭һѴӡ 
ʤ£ϸ˿ҹض֪̫ǰҽ 
ۣԻ ͶɢΣԸʻ֮һֹٽ 
ʳ¶Ϥӡ֢ҺᣬľΩ 
ҺպԣĪƣϲᣬܻʻߣθμԾθ 
һټ汸ҲֹԢ磬ж湤ӣĻҽͶຮ֮Ʒ･ס 
׿ƣ꣬һϢʳѶӡ丸йףΪ 
 
ƣν֪ҽΡϣӡĿɱ棬޴ 
ݰ˼ñ飬ҶƢ˥ˮ磬ͣͣˮƤ 
ע 
ڼ⣬ˮӯٶѣ⼱Ƿһнˮ֮ 
Ҳʱδ޴ٲΣɾһŨһ̵ 
ˡǵòΡ¶׾˶֢ƽȡЧɼ棬 
֮õԬԻá÷ƣδϤҵܺˣںɣԻá겡Ϥ 
 
ʷӼʳ˯࣬ΩԷǲʱᣬ̼ͥŲ꣬ 
ѲȺ飬ġء֮ཥͨᣬҵ֮ɳҲż 
 
Լ֮ΪһʮԻһáϾҲԬի 
ʺҽѧʡνܲ䲻 
ʵȻʵʵ飬ȣ֮죬֢ʩΣ֮ 
֮壬ʹ֮в㣣Ϊƶ֮ζƫʤͼ硶ھʤ 
࣬ʤ֮ࡣҽҲ߷ҲضŶڹţɷڷ 
 
֮У֮⣬˹򻯲֮ӡԬơԬг 
֮ 
УԱʣʼúϤ˹ܿţЦǰ 
δܼᣬһãЦҡȻԬ֮ƣϲԬ˷ң׾ 
Ϯأ²ɢкر̷־ཻ֮ơ 
Ի಻֪ҽҽͨס֮Ϊ壬Բ⣬ױף 
 
ҽִŴ˶ధǰԣȹ󲻾гɷʵ丹ģӦȻǳڱȻ 
ҽǣӡƪۣǡӶЦĿ죡 

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ԣ̩ҽʿҩκʩ룬һ˲Σҽ 
ҩ 
֮θѣ٣¶״ө֮жո 
ѯʣԻ֢ӡƴҩ³Ӧڷ 
 
³Ƿҩɱӡȣҽһöĳת 
ĳҽ˳ĳ龹ҩˮͿ£ǰҽΣ 
лťϵҽͿҩָ̽٣ãҩ֮ 
ʱսǡʹȻδҲһˣĿΣҽϻ棬ƻȶ 
СĿʳĤɻʧȻ䷨԰ʤ̷֢ˣ֮ 
ÿ⣬ǿ׳пɣʩ˥֮壬ΪתҶ 
Իöء顷飬֪ҽ֮¡ĩԪԵҩʯ 
ҽˡѲ飬ҽһ壬飬Ƕ죡 

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ԣлзľ֫岻ߣ֮Ե߰Ȼ 
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ԣ̩ҽʿľߣμߣһͷݲǰҽһ˶֮ 
ƣ䲿λ֪֮ڶʩơ 

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ԣѻƬΪйǧδ֮⴫Ⱦ֮ձ죬֪Ǩ 
 
亦ߣ亦ߣʶʹ飬ܸ׸һʡȻд 
ʹң֮ԲߣδҲ̣ȳ񫣬񫣬 
ٷ۽ҩƷĿ֣֮ƽЧ̸֪࣬ʲ 
 
˴÷ҩ׶仺𡣾ѾȶˣҶĳ񫱾 
編Ʒӣ䷽Ωôִ۸ʲһζ̡̾ŷ 
ʲݸһ֣ճ֮̽򣬶ཥа˾ŷ֣̽һ֣ 
ӡԸ־֮ʿ֮ЧǷҲ֮ؽҩգ 
Իೢʮ࣬ˣ޲飬һѡ˼ʣ֪˸ 
£ 
Ϊ֮˧֮Ϊ񫣬ǡһգ֮ãһʱٶ˥ߣٶ 
δ򹥰ӡνѳףݸѣҲȻΣԻ÷ 
ãѭؾ֮ȷ֮ᣬȻѡҩǶ̲飬Ҳӡ 
ֳ֮Իûܱ޻أԪνԱ£ԭʱɮֹ 
֮Ի뺦ȻԸ¹֮شڣ󡣸 
һ 
˶Ϊ˺治ʢνΪߣɽ˼֮ɼѻƬ 
ڻʱ֮ߣȡֹ֭֮񫣬ƺƣԭнơݴ 
ѻƬ֮򲻾£ȵȥ伲ԴҲʼա 

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ԣʪڣУ㣬׸вϷر 
 
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Ϊͣʳڣʹ仯ʧˣʱ֮а򴥻֮ 
Ƣˣ壬ʧ˾Ȼʹ±ȣ֫кҺ 
ڽʧνȣ֫Իת˲Ϣ 
֢Уصխ˳ഫȾһ˶ͬʱߣηҲȹʲª 
һԻʥΣĿԤϱáʱУл벡 
ĻǣؾƦʱһڣ 
ԽȴаɾҰڣ洨ŨӶ̴㣨 
 
ϸĩһ㣨ϸĩһ»ƤˮζͬΪϸĩ 
޽Ũ裬ƶÿ裬ϸͽ¡ҰζܺƢ 
ʪֹŻȴаθԳΪӿкʵʪ 
ƽ 
θУ̵ˮкŻ񣬳ƤΪƢ֮ҩܿͣͨ࣬ɳ 
 
ɢô˶ζΪ̴Ƣаܱٻ֮Ϊʹ 
޽ͷҷ֮ΪƢ֮ҪҩͨаԶΪԻʥߣ 
ʥβδּ֮˼ԤĪҩδ֮ȣʹ߽ɢ߻ᣬ 
δطȴ֮һơ 
ͯԭԻǷ޺Ķ֮࣬飬ҩƽףζϤܣ 
ƾƣ̷ǷȻҲ 

