<ƪ>ҽѧ洫
ҽѧ洫
ߣ߱  
  
ݣԪ1644-1911  


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣҽ֮ˣز֮ʸ֮ศߣΪȣ 
Ȩҽزʹ٣ʹǿʹȬʹҽʵˣ书ƽ亶Ҳũ 
𣬱ľҩԣ᪼šھĩپʦϳũ֮ 
䲡ӲۣʽԳѧԴҽͳʦû֮ʧ䴫硣ֹ 
ҼΪ顢Ϊѧ֮ҽߣҽ֮ΪÿΪԳ֮ʿڷӣ 
죬ѧʶȺע;ۣ䴫Ͼմصӣѣ֮£¼ 
Իҽѧ洫Ѫอ磬֮ǰʥкδߣţ 
δߣ̣㲹˹˶ΪϵǳգõȻ㼯ժҪߣ 
ʹ֪ҽ֮棬ѧԲαǳҷӷ˹֮־Ҳʱ 
\xî֮ǮӼѾ\x 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣԲ껺Ӧˣ´˵Ϊ֮棬𲡻 ֮ 
ߴУ紾⡢پԼϪԫӣҲϡԫУ䶨ҩҲ 
 ϶֮Ⱥʱ֮Ҳѧʧҽݣʵÿܲ£ 
ʴƩ֮ԯޣȴǰмãӡẼʿҽѧ洫һ飬ǱĬᣬ 
΢ǰܣδԣ˵񣬶δ֮ƣ޺ǧ֮֮΢ 
ãһٰٵ֮Ұ£ԿߣҲŲҽԵ 
Ϣ֤ɵˣԳʱ壬ʼ̫ù̵ֹͶ 
ֹʳ²𡣼洫һΣʼ̾Ϣ֮ʹ֮֮ҲǶȣ 
֮ѣ̼ 
֤֪֮Сอ֮ڣʮߣܱһʧҲ棡ҽ֮ˣ 
ʵ֮֮δ飬ΪߣʵͽҲΪԶ 
Ͽڡپּ֮ҽѧָ֮ƣʱ 
\xθٴǮҦԶʥʶ\x 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ʿҽѧ洫
ԣӴŵɽãѧ۵ࡣȺȺʣҽԱ 
ʾţõ¼ߣ°νԻôҽѧ洫Ҳ¼֮Թӡõ 
ժ֮ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ҽʧ
ԣҽ ᪡šھһʮ˾ѪӪ֮อ罻֮ 
⣬룬΢¡Ϊ֮ҽߣ֮Ѫʼ֮Դཻ 
ͨϣ֮ǳƤ֮ڣʼҽ 
ʦ˺ơþ縮ᣬͨڤ΢仯ѼԷǲŸʶ̽¡ 
֮ҽʥ;֮ԴϮ˷֮ɣ֮ᣬΪص䣬ű֮飬ʥ 
գҹԻûҽʦ洫䭲Ҳ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ҽž
ԣũԻƵࡢԻھʥҲپʦ䲡Ի˺Ӳ 
ԻѡҲҽʥۣ֮徭ҲҽžۣҽѧࡶѾ 
һз飬ĩǳΪѵ֮ҽߣʥ;ۣδ 
δ⣬δδá 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣ㣬֮ˣҲҲľ 
ˮԻˣ̫̫Ի˺УСԴ˳ʱ 
 
Դ˳ζΡʵҽѧ֮Դũ֮ҩԣƵ۱֮šھʦ֮ 
׫˺ѡ˵֪硢ȡʪΪ֪磬磬ľҲ 
ȣȣҲ̫ʪʪҲҲ̫ˮҲ˷硢ȡʪ 
֮֮֮䱾ĩɲҲ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣ֮˵಻⣬ν֮Ϊ֪Ҳ̫ 
̫Ի硢ȡʪԻ֮֮ʾͨอߣҲ 
ͨߣҲ֮֮ʱУڪزҲԪʹۡơ֮ϣ 
֮֮ϣ̫֮֮ϣʪ֮֮ϣ֮֮ϣ̫֮ 
֮ϣ֮νҲνԪɴ֮֮Ϊ꣬¼Ҳ硢ȡʪ 
֮ΪϼҲ϶⣬ԻУͨҲ֮˵ж 
һͨ죻һ 
ͨжν˶죬Ա֮֮Ҳ 
䲡ۺȣ磬ߣΪз硣з֮Ҳѷȣδ 
ȣض񺮡ʹŻ棬ߣΪ˺˺֮ҲҲ 
ԻУˣԻҲ಻֪壬һУ޲ʱ첻Үӣ 
Ҳ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣϲŭǡ˼֡ν֮顣ͨϲͨģŭͨΣͨΣ˼ͨƢ 
ͨͨΡ̫ࡣˣ֮Ҳʶˣ 
ɫ̫벻֮Ω֮º 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>อ
ԣΪΪΪΪอ 
磬ھ֮ӡҪ֮ߣ֮ҲΣġ̫Ρ 
ƢΡġƢΡľˮҲľΪ磬ĻΪȣƢΪʪνΪˮΪ 
ˣз硢ȡʪ֮˺ߣҲ 
ΣͨھھƤǣΪ֮ϣκ 
ƤƢϼĺκϽϹҲͨΪΪƢ 
θΪСΪ뵨ΪΪҲ֮Ҳ֮ 
Ҳθ󳦣̫Сľ֮Ҳθ󳦣 
֮ҲסС̫ˮ֮Ҳľˮ֮˺Ҳ 
Σͨ࣬оνᣬᣬкϣ 
кҲ֮Ҳ 
࣬ΣİΪʮʮ֣ 
ͷͷ㣬ءͨอͨͨƤëͨอ 
ϾѪνѪ妣вϢҲ 
֪Ƥ֮ǳ䲡ȶھߣ֮ҩͶ֮ʿЧǾʮʮ 
Ѩᣬʮ徭磬ʡ֮˾֮Ҳ֮⣬֮⣬磬 
ԻΪΪǾֱΪжһΪ硣ʮ֮⣬Ƣ֮磬 
Ի֮β裬֮ǿΪʮ硣˴ߣھ֮⣬ע֮没 
没ߣעңҲעҲ֮ʡѴ֮֮֮⣬磬 
Ƥͨë֮ڣ֮Ѫ⣬Ƥëơ֮ߣʮ 
Ѩᡣ̷ִơô̺ëߣƤ֪ëƤֺ֮֮С 
֮Ҳ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣߣϡС֮Ҳ席һϣԻǹ֮Ҳϣ 
֮ҽࣻҲԸҲ֮࣬Ի֮ 
ߡ֮ϸϳ£⳹ڣĪ֮Ҳ֤ۣ֮ࡤ 
ᡷơ÷κϴ󳦣ߴ֮ĺССʢ֮κϵо֮Ƣθ 
θ֮ϰף߽Һ֮席һΣࡣ 
ơΣʽࡣν½࣬ϽҲ佫ְ࣬븭 
ơߣ֮Ҳˮɣףǹ֮Ҳ֮ߡɴ֮Ϊ 
¸׶ˮϣǹ֮ҲߣҲνϡУ֮ҲԻ 
࣬Իϣһ֮һһҮʦơüߣͨ 
Ԫ֮ཫߣҲơ䲿Ͻߣ 
̣нߣʳ½ߣѡʦ֮ԣྭϽθϿڣ 
нθУ½سעڰ׶ҲơϽнŽ½¡Ϲ۾ۣ 
䡢䡢䣬Ͻн½Ҳ֮֮Ҳ֮ʵ 
֮ҳϳ£⳹ڣҲ˲徭ۣνߣ 
νţߣִ˵۲ݡۣΣӡ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣİΪʮв֮อǰţ 
ӣ֮ͭͼѨڼʮ׵䡣ࡤۡơøš 
ߣĿҲɴ˵֮Ŀ֮룬Ϊţ̫׾֮Ҳ룬ΪѨ 
֮ͨҲΪˮ࣬Ϊˮͨˮˮ֮ɡ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>Ѫ
ԣ֮һѪ֮ѭСѪͣѪˣԻ֮Ѫ֮Ѫ޴У 
šëƤ֮֮޲ҲơϳڷΣ˾һһͨ 
࣬ԻΣ¼⣬׽ҺƤëԻߣ 
ëӦΪʮУ⡣ɴ˹֮ʮ 
⣬лƣ޷һвϢ֮ҲȻΪѪΪΪأѪΪᣬ 
Ѫв㣬Խӡëϣ˴֮⣬ë֮磬 
֮к磬֮оɡ뾭ѪҲ硢֮Ѫڰ֮Ѫ˳ 
ѪƤëƤë⣬֮Ƥë֮ڣѪ֮ǳ֮ѪҲ 
侭֮Ѫİ֮нȡ֭Ļ֮ѪҲѪ֮Ѫ紽ڶ룬 
Ůʱ£ԴѪҲİ֮ѪھԷĻ֮ѪҲѪ֮Ѫ 
಻İ֮Ѫ֮ѪΪᣬ֮ѪΪҲơˣѪˣ 
ѪѪ֮ѪҲһϢˣһ˿С˾֮ѪҲѪߣҽѧ֮ 
٣ѧ˲ɲҲ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ˮ
ԣˮΪΪˮ֮Уɡˮ 
Ҳˣؽ֮ˮؽȱؽʳڵΪˮΪ 
ڵΪΪȣ֮ɱӡҽˮ֮У֪֮ 
߶ɱҲ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣơߣΡ֮ʮ֮ɰ٣֮ǧ֮֮󣬲ʤԴ 
֮࣬㡣أΪΪ֮⣻ΪѪ 
ΪʵͳѪ֮ȡһʮգչնࡣҲʪҲ 
㣬ҲΣӦ൱ࡣѪѪѣ 
̴棬һѣѪ䣬ӵϦ֮У֪ʩΣ 
кɱˣ֪ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>λ
ԣλߣͷ桢ءв֡㣬֮ 
֮λҲ 
ͷΪ֮ף̫Ҳӡã­۶̫֮ԻͷΪ 
֮ҲȧۡơɫȧǣҲĿΪ֮ϣྫעĿͫ 
ΣΣ ģ۰ƢΪϣλ룬Ƣڿڱǽͨ 
֮Ϊ򪣬Ϊţ˸Ρཻ֮ҲΪƢϣⴽ⣬ƢҲΪ磬Ϊ࣬ 
Ϊθ֮£֮ڣΪȪӢˮҺ֮ԴҲΪϣ࿪ڶ 
θ֮ڱǽ Уѭ⣬УЮڻ֮Ŀ ϵͷǣѭ 
У߶ǰͷ֮λҲ 
ͷ£ǰʺоңʾ󣬺ΪܶӲΪʳܶʺ֮УΪɣ 
֮ϣΪ౾౾ ֮ ֮С࣬νҲ̫Ƣ౾ 
౾θ౾ʺ֮⣬жӺԣνӭ֮θ֮Ҳӭ֮£ 
ǿմΪȱ裬Ҳ֮ǰ沿Ҳȱ֮£֮ 
ϣν֮С֮Уν֮ϽҲơ 
ϽζѬë¶֮Ҳ£ν֮УҲ֮䣬ν֮У 
УİҲİѪͨĲ֮£θ磬ͨ᲼ھ֮䡣 
֮ǣ֮⣻Ϊ֮Ǻ֮ϡ֮£ν֮нθϽ 
֮ԣҲн֮ԣҲ½֮ԣҲͷ֮£о֮룬Ϊ縮 
֮ԣΪء¸ʴ׵˼֮һ׵ԼǶ£߽֮ԣΪتᡣơ 
֮ԣСġت֮Ѩ֮г롣̫֮ر֮λҲ 
֮£Ҳ²࣬вҲǰغ󱳣вر֮䣬֮ࡣв֮ΪҸв֮Ϊ 
в̫֮֮ǰأ֮࣬ࡣῪأܿ 
Ϊأ˿֮ؼҲΪ̫֮ƢҲ֮ϣ֮䣬Ϊ 
֮θҲسڸ֮ҡСӴ֮ǰС֮ܽᡣ 
ң˳ơó֮Ҳ֮£ΪССԣΪٸСߣ 
ˮࡢˮ֮Ҳٸߣ࣬ 
Ѫ֮ҲѪӰ֮⣬ԻУ׾Ѫ֮ڣԻðߣ֮ҲСǰ 
̫֮ơǰǰߣҲơǰߣڽۣ֮ 
̫֮Ҳڽǰ̫ҲѺˣξ֮ʾơ 
Ҳơաв֮λ 
Ҳ 
֡Ի֮֫ϣ⡢Ҹ֮ϣ ¡⡢Ҹ £Ի 
ˡӱ֣̫ν֮Ҳɣ̫Ƣ 
֮Ҳʮͨᣬ 
֣֮֮ͷѭֱӡ֮ͷ㣻֮ 
ءѭӡ֮λҲ 
ࡷʮ֮ҽδ֮ϤҲŶԼ̫֮н 
Ҹ£ѭڣִָָ֮ 
ִָָ֮֮ѭ⣬ȱ裬棬Юǿףθθڱ У 
­ѭЮ꣬ϥƣָ̫֮ƢƢָϥ 
֮ǰ븹౾עУ֮УϷΣЮʣҸѭ ڣ 
ƹǣСָ֮ڣ̫֮СС֮Сָףѭ ⣬ϣУ 
Ŀ ̫֮ס֮Ŀ ͷѭȺСָ࣬ 
֮Сָѭģ ɣἹϹΣЮ౾עУ 
֮İİ֮Уѭأв⣬ѭۣУѭСָָ֮֮ 
Сָָ֮ѭֱۣ⣬⣬ϼ磬УǰĿ ֮ 
Ŀ Ӷ磬ȱ裬Увϥѭƣָ֮ 
ָë֮ʣ ɶϣСУ̫֮Ϊʮ 
֮һܣͷر㣬Ϊ֮λҲ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ԭ
ԣ޲Ҳȡ֮侫񣬻ֽ²֮ɡΩ㣬 
ͣǿʢˣ಻Ϊอԭв㣬ֲ֪ص㣬޳ɵ޲ 
㣬ࣻ㣬ڸ㣬ھѪΪ֮أ 
ΪѪ֮ʹ飬аⱣΪǲԴߣΩ 
ȣ꣬ƤէΪอת糣֮ɢ֮һȬอ 
㣬а֮֮зȵอ侭аˣɢ֮֮Ҳν 
βڱ䱾֪ԭ֪ԭ֮Զӡ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>β
ԣвҽҽߣ֮˾Ҳ˾ֵ֪֪֮֮ 
֮಻㣬֮ӡߣอ֮λߣ֮ת䡣อв 
ת䲼ʧ䳣䲡μȲ棬㲻ӡҽҲɱˣ 
ΪҽӡʹϧߣΣȫ֪֮ӣδΣ֪⣬֪ڣĩ 
ԭԻҽҲΪ⣬ΪҽǾä ƲҲȻգ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ҩ
ԣƷҩҽ֮գĳҩĳĳĳȡ֮ʦڣҲ 
ģţҩʦǲ֪ʹơӾɫ಻ 
㣬ǿ֮ʢ˥Դ˲飬֮֡Ƕҽִβ֮ 
֮ԭΪͷʹɢ֮֮ͷʹ亦ӣ֮й֮亦ӣ 
֮鷢亦ӣ֮Һڽ亦ӡʦơò˼ּ֪ 
˼Ҽʼ˳ɣʵΪӡɴ˹֮ɷأҩʵΪѡ֮ҽ 
ޣ֮ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>Ӥ
ԣ֮ĸѪ֮Գɣ̥֮δ䣬֮δ 
ΪȣСͣͶҩҩ൱䱾Էɢ̵֮ҩͶ֮ 
Ω棬֮ӡҽѭ֮Ѫ֮⣬룬ԭ޷ڳס 
ǧ޴𣬲֪Ѫγ룿ԭδνˡСֿ 
Σμȷ֣򷽿Ѱ飬ش裬¡Ի롣ڪ֪Ӥ֮ 
ʲţʲһΩҽ֪อ֮ԭʶ֮ͶΣԷ֮Ⱦ飬ɢ 
֮Ͷ֮ߣѪйԶȣƢθ̵ߣ˶ϲӡ̵ 
㣬Ͷ䣬νζӡ̾ҲѣӤߣ֮ 
ѿҲϸθС֮ʳ֮ݾҲԻʳ̫է֪ͣһܲʳ 
θӣһʳӡƽʳθͣһͣսԴСʳ 
 
١θ֮飬Ͷθ֮ҩʩ޲֮ಡѲԻСз纮ͣ 
ʳȣɢĥҲɿʳգ֪䲻ȻҲ纮ԭУʳͣ 
ʥͣδԣ֪֮һ֮֮ʮѪУ 
Ӽ꣬θʳԻУ򸻹֮֮֮ 
ͥԶУƶܷ֮ܺаٸУܶУܶʵ 
ӡԻͣ޲֮ʱƵƵʳ飬βͣʳȲ֮ղ飬ͣʳƳͣʳ 
δ֮θҲʳͣθ˲θ֮ѾкҽߣԻ 
ʳθУ㸯䲻壬ˮض񣬼ʳ𡣺Ա֮ʳã 
ɴ˹֮з纮ͣʳ֮˵ɷӡթΪУҽɱ飬ｫɹ飿죣䲻 
֮죣˼ڶҽ죣 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣҲҲΪ֮ȣ֮ԴͬҲ̥֮ɸĸѪɣǽ 
֮Ϊ֮Դߡ֮Σ̹ʵ֮Ҷ֮Ҳѭ֮ 
Ϊ˳Ϊ档ߺΣİҲİ֮磬Ѫ䶾 
¶ϣİİ߾ӾƤİʱȷӾƤ 
裻İ߾ʻѪԳɽǣܣչ粻İ֮ 
֮߼ӼƤΪӡİߣѪҲߣҲ 
İѪ֮нѪΪŧ˳֤֮Ҳֶ֮޽ܻѪΪŧ 
׶ףѪ棬񽲻޲֣ղ֣ޣҰףΪӡǶ 
߾ͣΪθ֮Ȼܽʳ綾Ϊθ֮ȻԲܽʳ 
ʶ˳棬һѭ֮ҽߵԹ֮Ͷҩ 
ҩзйͨʢй֮ʢ֮֮ʹӾΪ֮֮Ҳ֪ 
ˣͶ䷽֮ף󹥡֮Ժ֮ҲΪԣһ֮ 
Ҳҽ߲֪Ѫ֮֮£ԻľԣԻξ 
ԻƢԲԻξϲԻǹ伡侭 
֮ܶ˳ߣҽأΣΣӡδŶ֮ߣҽչҲ 
֮УҽҩУ֮߳ࣻʡ֮ڣҽҩ֮࣬ߴ롣ζ֮죣 




<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣȴи꣬и꣬Ԫգ㷢ȼ֪֮ԴΪӤʱ 
ںѪ£ΪԵ͸֮֮γʮ㣬 
̻󡣳¶ӱ磿Իüʿζ磿Իõ֪ 
飬Ͷ ߡʡ֦컨һγˣ̷꣬ҹȣƵԣ 
һ·֮侭Ҳףδʡ£ʣ϶η̵֤ 
ҩЧӹ֦ʯһȬνǿ볤ͬ͸غա 
顢ǰӡˡʯҩ㲻աСܾݴȣѬ֮֮ܲͬ 
֮ơ͸ޱ𷨡ն»׳档ҽԻôȼţɢ֮ţɢ 
ĩҲһ̵ֹƽǴ˶ӡ޿ʩٻѨţƷ 
֤ʵԻô˴֤ 
Ҳԣֲʳ޼ӡȻ̲̣ͶΡҩ̾Իôӹҽʳ 
ȻҽȺˣ֮Էǣβ֮ 
գͬߣӳ Ѿգʱˣӣǰӡơʯҩһ 
ʮ㣬طƣѶ࣬ӡԻٹӡ  
ܺ顢ߡ컨ȣһԴʼ֮ԴѪ侭磬 
֮ãζЧҲ 
괺֮ӣ꣬ Ӷҽʥҽ֮͸㱣 
ӣլʥ֪֮ҲԻ  ϲ 
ԻΪ֮κΣԻΩ²ҩһอ䳦θѪɡʥԻĳ 
͸Ϥá༴ 𡢹顢֡ߡʡ컨ζһԭ 
˲һǮ˺󲢲ҩգȻӡ 
ҫ֮ӣ ɫԻô֤ף÷Σɢҩ 
磬Իÿ»׳棬ҩԻҩҮԻдһ븽Ӱ˷֣ 
ҩڼԴģԽأңӳԻ »ףɵҴԻ 
֮ҩӣ츲ӣԽĬ̾Իӣˣ֮޺ӡ 
˹ᣬ䲻ܼڶҽʵڶ֮ԴΪӳ ߣҲ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>˺
ԣ˺һ䲡䣬Ҳͣ䱩Ϊ񺮣ȣͷʹۣŻ£ʣ˺Ҳ 
˶˺ߣ֮Ҳ˺֮ݡηһ²ԪΪЧ² 
ɢ侭㺮֤͡زڡߣ̽Դ֮ 
֮ҲǣʮȫߡɢȻ²ҩһٿٿ£ 
ʮߡ˺Ҳҽʩ֮޷ɢһߣʮʼΪ 
ɢĥ£ԭ׳ʵߣ䲻ʱգҰǱѼӡ 
θΪ 
˺θΪȡҽ˺ԻʳҲʳΪ֮ʳη޲ 
ʳвʳ޲ʳвʳʳʳǿ룻ʳз֮ 
ԻʳҲͶʳءĥ֮ҩʯգʳθʳͣͣȻ 
Ż¡ʦ˺ۡơʳߣ֮ɴ˹֮䣬Ϊʳ䣬㸯 
ʳӡղʳʳ֮֮ʹϽ麮ת 
У泩ֹ֪Իʳʳʼ֮ʱ֮ʹ 
Ȳ֮ղʳ֮ʹ֮ʹҲκΪͣʹŹ£ 
֪θ飬߲йϡ±ϡǳҲֲ֪ȱԻҲൣ 
֣вޣڽᣬˮǵǲޱϡ֮ΪҲʳ֤֮ 
һΪգ֮˺ߣΩɢΩΩ塢Ωй䱾ĩɢ塢й 
麮Ȼִһ֮α仯޷֮˺֮ɱ̣֮ 
ܲգβڱ˺α֮Դʶ֮걾֮ǳ 
Ͼ۶֮ͨ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣΪΪȣҲҲΪ顣ȻڣΪ 
֮أأ飬Ƿߣߡ鷢ȣѪ 
鷢ȣȣȣ䳣ѪҲȻ֮ 
Ҳ΢ͬ΢ߣȶͻѪҲߣ֮ƣҲѪȣ 
֮ҩ֮ȣ֮ҩ֮΢ߣи֮Ҳȱߣ޸֮Ҳ޸֮ȣ 
ΪȣߣѶҲ֮ȣ˥֮Ի³Ҳʲ֮ţ 
䷢ȣб֤ҽߵɫʵϱ֤֮Ҫӡ 


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䱳񺮡֮⣬ߣظ֮¼Ҳ˺ۡ 
ơߣҲ񺮣֮νҲ˺طǺ̫֮Ҳ 
ơ̫֮ϣ̫֮ԺΪΪҲ֮⣬ж硣ơ֮ϣ 
֮ͨƤë̫֮ҲƤë֮ڣ֮䣬֮Ѫ֮Ҳ̫ 
֮Ƥë񺮣֮硣硢Էֱ𣬴Ƥë 
ҲƤëƤëվܶ޺ڼƤëкվΪĶΪ硣 
ҲҲ飬Ҳ䷢ȣ֮УԼ񺮣ȡơò 
δεӱ֮νҲ 


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ԣͷʹ֤֮һ̫ͷʹһͷʹһͷʹ̫֮϶ԣ̫֮ϣ 
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ϣ֮ͷʹʹҲ֮ϳ붽ۣ֮ϣ֮ͷʹ 
ʹҲͷʹк𡢷֮죬ȵ΢磬ͷʹʹ֮΢Ҳ 
ͷʹʹʹ֮ҲѪʢʹ΢ʢʹ硣ͷʹ 
ɢ̲֮֮ͷʹʢ飬νͷʹҲǹ𡢸Ρ ֮ͷ 
ʹ֤֮νܷ纮뷢ɢɢӺܺǼˡ١࣬ͷʹ 
ˣɥͷʹˣӡɲգ 
ͷʹ֮˵֪ͷʹ𣬲ߣʮһȻߣһղ 
죬³ں򷽱Ҳϣգգ֮Ҳĺĺ 
ͷΪ躣ΪθΪȺΪѪ֮գ죬ҹں֮գ죬 
ںͷβ̣֮ҲѪ躣֮ںҲͷʹգ 
ڱڸͷʹķķߣҲ 
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ӡ򷽱ݶģ֪ԴͶҩ֮ЧƸη 
ߣƿͺߣͷʹߣǣɢ硢ɢ֮ҩԲ⡣֪ɢ֮֮ 
֮Ժּ֮գࡷĺơõ˳߰ܣ֪֪ߺ伴 
ں֮ͷʹҽߵʩζ֮ν죣 


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ԣߣ֮ϡģҲ죬֮ɫҲ΢̥֮ҲôΪƽ֮ɫ 
飬θ޹ɫ̥νʳ̥Ҳν̥ʳƽһ 
̥ͣνƽʳ̥ͣγһգ̦չʳ룬෴ 
̦ʳ̦֮˵֪ӡʮ࣬Ŵԣ顣ҽ֪αԣٲʩ 
ΣִΪţԾ֮Ժ֮ӡƽ֮౾̦΢̦ߣ΢΢ס 
֮Ω֮Ϊ֣ϰ̦ȶȲ룬С϶ 
ճ̦̦ɫƣ΢ߣҲ̦ɫҺ֣򽴰ɫߣ 
Ҳɫߣ麮ҲɫߣҲɫߣò˥ԭҲ׹ߣ 
ò飬ѪҲ̦ɫɫߣ˥ˮɫϳҲ֪ߣҲɫΪƽ֮ࡣ 
ƽչ̦֮УΩ˺󲡣ھ֮λ 
ɫ֮ھҲ֮࣬˾֮㡣ҽ߲֪֮ û 
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ζڣᡢ̡ʡ࣬Թ̦θ飬ʧְ˥΢ζڣᡢ̡ 
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ȼӦΣӦΣιӡκ࣬ΪʵԺΪȣ 
̽ԴԶﴫνɫʵ֤֮ȻɫʵߣʮжҲ 
ɫ麮ߣʮ߰ˣҲɫк㣬ӣҲɫ糣к㣬 
ӣʵ 
Ҳ̦ڶȼߣ̦߸ϣ֮壬ڻңϬǡˡʯ֤֮˰֮һ 
С֤֮ߣȻس׳裬ԭ֮ڣ֮ 
֮һɢڶı߻ߣ麮ҲڶݣۼߣҲ˲Ρ 
𡢸ɺθѾ룬ӲƣӲڣ֮࣬һ֮࣬ 
Ϸ飬δţܲԣɱٶ 


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²֤ɣ²֤ѳɣգδ㣬ѹ鲻֤֮ӡغ 
֮ڷҽ֣֮ȻĪΣƱԼ֮ʡۡơ 
˿ȣǶҲԿȲߣڸߣ 
ƢߣİߣθߣС϶ߣڷߣεԭԭ֮ 
֤ 
ȣǻ֮ϳҲȡ˷𣬺һ 
գ˺ϽʺҲ򺮻ȣεϽΪȣ 
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ϷΡҲˮһӪ˲Ϣ飬ܺˮƤëϳ壬ϳ 
ȡϳ֮ȶҲ 
ָβѪ塢Ѫ֮ѪҲѪƤëڹڸΡ飬 
ϳ塢֮Ѫڷİϳ壬ϳȡϳ֮ȶڸҲ 
ѪߡѪˣİ飬İ֮Ͽ˷νİѪ 
Ѫ飬ҹȣԣҹȣҹԿȡΪͿԣѪ 
ߣѪԿ֮ҩˣ²֮ҩˣ֮ȣһ˿֮İҲ 
̫νҲ̫ƢҲอ콻Ƣ飬 
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θΪˮȺθ󳦡֮ϣ֮У֮ 
Уףʧͣȳ̵θҲ̵ڻθ麮ҲΪθ֮ȣ 
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˷ԣɢҩȡЧߣΪ˷ҲɺɢͶˣԽ 
ʱ㣬ˮľ¸飬鲻գϲΪ˷磬ɷɢͶˣͶ 
⣬ʼգʼ 
Դԣǣ֮ 
ԻǺȲѣν֮ǺǺߣһǺʮʮǺͷ 
Σ̵ӿڳ棬ضӦٸ˻ˣͬСˣν֮ʱжǺǺ 
ҩһȻߣǧëϣ̫֮Ӧ֮ԺڷΣë֮ڣ֮Ѫ 
Ѫ֮ѪӦ֮ԺڸΡëܺ°ѪɬѪƤë֮䣬Ѫ妣 
򻼶Ǻһ£֮Ѫһܻһ¿һ²¡֮ҩ಻ɥ 
ӣƵƵҩҽߵѪΣΣǺδѣ࣬ 
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ɢ֮֮Ѫ㸽컨ܺ顢֮ãںŻߣɽǿɼӡ 
ߣ Ρ߿á򲡼Ӽҽ֪֮Ǻ֮ԭǰӡաˡס 
ۡ豲λ̵򲻿Ҳ 


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ҲʱдȾ֮űаűҲаУƤ 
䣬ҩȺȣʱʣݣűҲҩշ 
磬űշ̣űѡߣѭҲű֮ͬűΪƢΪ 
űΪᣬƢΪءʱһŻƣҽһŻΣ֪űƢ֮ͬգűˣƢˡƢ 
ɢ֮ҩΣδвҲ֮Ҳȶ࣬ƽʳ糣 
ߣűҲ٣΢飬ʳŻ棬ߣƢҲƤë磬֮ 
а˾磬ʶűߣű֮Ҳ˾ߣű֮Ҳű֮Ѫ 
磬ͨ侭캮֮٣อ֮ʵʩ֮Ѫ顢֡컨֦ 
Ҳͨ磬ϡľܴͨҲߣ֮ȶߣˡ֪ 
֮ʵߣ١롢סӣߣ ʡߡű֮ͨҲ 
̫Ƣ࣬ΪűűƢҲ࣬ΪűűűҲ࣬Ϊ 
űűűҲ࣬Ϊűűʲ֪ҲűߣòΡ 𡢸 
֮ΩűȣòΡߡ顢֡轡ʡ 
Զ־۲Ѫ֮֮űʵű֮ᣬű֮Ҳ 
ű֮ű֮䲡֮ɡҩ֮ͨϤɡף޺֮УȻԡˮ 
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Ҳаʢھһʱܽӣű֮׶ʼҲͽѪز 
űű಻ᣬȻű˷ھ֮ߡһʱʣʲ֪ˣ֮Ѫؽҽ֮Ի 
𣬼Իзָ࣬Ѫ÷ءίУԳѪزͭ˳ݣ෯ˮ̽£ 
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䲡ɹ̫飬ףйкԡб䣬 
֮ɢ֮йк֮֮ͨһʱɣȫʱգδвҲ 
űɡһɢʳǰ֮ӡҩ֮ͨűóɽԳɽΪűҩ 
֮磬ر͡ʦűÿᡣᣬɽҲ粻ɵöκɣɽ 
˴֮ҩűƢʹܼӣֺ֮Уű麮 
ΡܲߣΡ֮ڣӳɽӴɽףʹͨűа 
δвҲ֮ű׿Թɢġ֮űѡڶԽͨаۮơݹ 
й֮аףǰʯ 
֮ű󷢿ȣ˳űڷΣűֹȥƢʼʿȡƢ 
֮й֮ҩйȶϲܳתΪűӣൣҽ֮Ϊ΢ 
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ԣơΪȣڵΪߣȻ֮ҲдȻ֮дȻ֮޷ʱ 
Ȼ֤֮ԿǺҲҲ֮Ҳ˲֮֮ 
ԻԻ޸ʯࡢҶˡͶʩɱ˲֪ӣ֮ʱ˾֪ 
֮ҩ˽ԻҲ֮֮Ƶ֮Թԡߣ 
ԴͶҩ˽ԻҲ֮ЧزٷĻʻԻôҲɷҩ֮ҩͶ 
֮ѱУԾҩ֮ǣºɱˣزߡ⣬ۻ֮ 
ߣʱ֮һҲκգ 
Ҳ֮ʱ˵б߲ڸô߷Ү֪˲ 
ȡ˰ͣƽжпʢ֤ 
ʢ֤𣬺֮Ҳ纮аΪȣа 
Ϊ֮Ϊƾ֮Ϊɱ˲ӣ֮ʱº 
һ򺮣۾ˮ֮֮֮ˮҲβ߱ع䱾 
Ω֮²ߣʲ֮߰ˣкߣʲ֮࣬岻ͣзΪȲ 
޸׻һȬϡˮ֮ҽȬҲа֤֮Դҩ֮һ 
ߣȱӡףϦνжߣаಡҲ䲡նߣ 
й⣬룬пѶҲ֮ΩΡ 𡢸֮֮ 
Ҳ˻֮֮һߣ˱֮֮ӡೢ˼Ӳơ÷ңη 
֮ɣˮ֮ʶɡηҩ 
ϲֺιֺգ˵У֪麮֤֮ɢȻ֮δ̫ 
ʶּԴǺɶ 


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ԣкҲͨҲߣＱضأ׹֮Ҳȣ 
Ż£ƣˮ룬ʹף棬ＱأҹʮΡ֮Ҳε 
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תӡаȥֺȡ顢ʵ˱˱꣬絫֮֮ͨͨ󲹣 
걾Σк֮ΪҲ죬ȲˣˮȲ룬Ϊ֤ơó Ѫ 
νѪй⸡ҲѪˮȣΪ֤򳦹ѽߣѪˮ 
вˣ©ˮ֮˵Ѫˮ佥Ҳɫԣȶ볦ȺѪҲɫ罴 
֣½麮֤¾ɢĭ֭Ϊҽг𡢰֮˵ƣ 
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Ҳ 


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ԣߣ̶٣֮ӦƤë֮Ҳʵ鴭аʵ 
ʵߣ纮֮аë¼͡ëƤëҲҲơߣ 
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򴭣а֮ͨƤëഭȻ˴Ҳز֮΢΢޺񺮣 
к磬˹ʱ伡ɢ纮ƽӡ 
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ڷζν𺮣ʪƢƢʪƢ̵У²ΪȻ 
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ӡ 
鴭ߣˮཻ֮ҲΣҲˮҲ岻ضˮ䱾ĩڷΣ 
ˮһˮΥУβˣӡòΡߡ ԲΣζ 
Բཻƽԣ²ҹ 
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ȱ꣬Ƥë֮ҲڷΡ˷̫걾֮ԹΣǰҩԱҲ֮ҩ 
ǰ޼ӡǰΰ֮鴭һټϲԸ࣬ǰٷԻ 
ٹաԻúҲԻðߣ½ʱһУΪϣֱ֮ 
ҲʱӡơϢΣϣ伴̫֮ 
ΪȻ 


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ԣ֤ʱҮʫơܡνнҲ֮ 
ȶн࣬ʾ֮ܣ⡣֮΢ߣԻKT а 
ߣкθֹֹͣҲ֮ߣ 
ɢУ˺ͣθͣϽ֮ȣнŽ֮½ 
֮ 
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ƽθкģԿҲŽжůθٿɬ֮ˣ 
Ҳߣ˲˺θ飬Ӻθ飬֮ʧְ 
θܺ¼⣬ͣ飬ӡΡ𡢸֮Ȼʳ 
Σʳ򲻿ӡйк½麮٣С϶ߣΪ 
ߣ飬飬ʵΣθ飬ﲻϣԭΪ 
ΪһвΡͽȻȻתΪҽֲɲ֪Ҳ 


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ԣ磬ǲҲȻ֪֮Ҳʮʼڷ֮ڸ֮󣬶θڷΣʮ 
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ϣ³ڱǣҲֽǣšΪ£ϣ֮£硣ַ 
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飬ѭϣ򪡢ż䣬ƵƵ硣ҽ֪֮Ϊβ֪ʵβҲʱȬ 
硣ʱаƤë뼡ƤвͨƤͨתҲִˡС 
仼֤һʱ棬ҩգͨ硣˴˳Ҳ 
з粻֪ߣֽĩҩǣԻ缴᲻֮⣬ͨ 
Ͼ֮ν죣 


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ͨߣ϶ߡͨľͨݡ󶬡䡢ĸ֮֮˿رԷҲ 
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Ƣ̫֮أҲȻ½ 
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С糣ߣ伡£к֮ͨϣɢ֮νຮ 
Ҳߣͱؼʹǳε֮꣬棬ʻͻʹ 
컨顢 
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Ե⡢֮֮ͨҩζţӣ֮Ҳ 
δؾףδвҲΪΪͨƤë̫֮Ҳ֮תΪ 
̫֮ȣ̫̫֮Ƥë֮֮ͨ裬ˮ 
֮Ϊˮף֮Ϊף֮Ϊס޿ȣɢ֮֮ 
֮֮ߣڿ飬߷Σ֮ݡ׶Σ֮Ҳεˣ 
Թӣʧˣӡ֮׶ߣʮа˾ţӡƤ֮ʮһҽ 
֪̫֮Ƥë֮ȶ裬̫̫֮֮֮֮꣬꣬ 
֮תʩΣ֮аˮΪɶ 


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ԣסԻùƣҲ˲ߣƢܻҲ£̲ҲͶӲ 
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ʱնѡߣʼ֮գ䱾ԭ֮ʹܻɹƣҽ֮Ҳѳɶҩ֮޼ 
ӡй֤ηĿٹߡ 


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ԣҲͨɹȣʧְ֮ҲϽθϿڣɣнθУ 
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졣ߣϽнҲߣ½нҲ²٣ϲ١Ȼε 
ˣ߿ɳ٣ʧˣӡ˲ҽÿ֮ҩνܿԿθڪ֪ʳ 
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ɹӣԪߣ֮䣬㲻ӡֳ˲ҽѪ֮ҩνŶʹ֮£ 
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飬½ܻ֮ϣ¶ϣЧӣЧӡС϶˥΢ 
òΡ 𡢸ҩ֮ЧҩЧ²֮ǣתҩ 
չ鲻Ρвʳ֮գơõù߲ʧƷ 


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ԣ֮һ⣬ѪڣƽͨѪ֮УΩŭͣ˼ǣ 
侭磬Ѫʧѭ֮ȣѪ磬Ѫ֮ӡѪͬѪ֮ɲͬ 
аѪ֮ѪİƢ֮ѪΪѪѪƤëŭͣһʱ 
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ʹ֮֮ºϰУѪ 
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֮ӡѪֹڣԣɥѡİ֮ѪڰģͨºϸΡϸߣ 
İΪͬһҲ͹ȣ˼İ֮Ѫ´ѪߣʮһΩҩͶ 
ط˲Σʮȫһ岻ͣȻѪڣϻ죬һΪƢ֮ 
ѪƢ֮磬뾭гдѪ²ڲ˾ǳ֮Ѫҩ 
أѪ֮֮ҽ֮ҲѪѪ֮Ѫ 
ߣһڼ·֮ѪߣѪ˿֮Ѫߣඹռ¸֮Ѫ 
ҽƵζƢ֮Ѫ磬ǰѪҲѪߣ˰Ѫ֮Ѫҽѧ 
ָθ֮ѪθΪ֮٣ʢˮȣδѪνѪθɣνθѪ򲻿Ҳ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>Ѫ
ԣѪӱǳν֮֮Ҳ֮ѭθܱͨ飬º֮ѪѪ 
жΪ˺ȹʢߣͶƽ䲡׳Ʊ 
Ϊ캹Ҳв˺ʱߣ࣬ѭУ֮Ҳ 
֮ƽʲҩҲ麮˱侫Ѫ 
壬ֹѪҩߣʧְ˲ΡӣѪԾ 
Ѫֹ֮Ҳ֮ᣬ֮ȡߣ֮ѪҲ 
Ѫߣ֮ѪҲε¾Ѫ֮ƽֹ 
ѣߡٲʩΣʶˣɺҲ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>Ѫ
ԣѪ죬ѪӴҲڷǰڷ󣬵ӳڳѪӳߣӸ 
֮۳Ҳ˰Ѫ֮Ѫӳ©£㣬Ѫӡ˲˶಻ 
ʱ糣Σ֮޷Ѫֹ֮ƣ룬Ͷҩ 
֮ܲӡɣ 
η²кůѪѭͳѪѪʱεˣȫ 
ѭʱգӡ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ĸʹ
ԣĸʹߣġ¸ʹʹ֮ͬʹ֮ͬ翰ƲΣвɲ 
ҲΪ񣬲ʹʹİ֮磬ͨʹҲ 
֮ϣΪ֮䣬ΪءʹϽʧְ¶֮ȣرԶʹޯס 
ʡݡĸޢ֮ҩɿرֹʹʹߣ˸Ѫ飬ţ³塢֮Ѫ 
ضɢʹ顢֡컨ϡľ֮ͨҩɺѪֹʹ 
ʹֲɽߡֲɽⲻͣƤëͣ䡣 
֮ʵʩΣĪԵƲݻ𣬵ʹʮ㣬򺮽ȥͨ㲻ʹӡ֮£θ֮ 
䣬ʱʹʱֹߣθͣй֮֮࣬²ذ֮ʹƽ 
飬Һ֮Ҳ 
عǾʹߣͣתҲ˺Уÿʹת 
Ѫͨӡ 
ʹߣ̫Ƣ֮ʹڶ麮ҲʹƢ粻ͨҲƢ֮磬Ի 
ӾƢͶУʹ̫ƪơ˺ɬңм 
ʹССȲڣתҲ 
ʹߣ˳ҲңΪ֮Ѫ 
ʹѪ֮ҩʹ֮ѪͨҩҲʹߣˮࡢ̫ˮ 
֮ʩʹˮ麮ù𡢸̫֮ˮ麮൱ù𡢸 
̫֮ΪΪмҲ 
Сν֮ٸٸʹߣ֮Ϊ֮Ѫǰ֮ˮ 
֮ѪҲʹߣϰ֮ѪҲ಻ߣͨʹ֮ϣߣ 
ϡӱ걾м֮ʹϺϺʹӡ 
ԼвʹߣҲв֮ʹߣ֮Ҳʹ֮Ѫ֮ͬ 
ΪΣͨʹͨͨҲ֮֮ͨвͬԺѪѪԺ 
ͨҲʹ֮Унʹ֮ԴͨҲ֮ʹ֮ͨʹͨ޷֮֮ͨҲ 
йΪͨӣ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>з
ԣзףνΪٲ֮䡣з࣬з硢з֮𣬶֪䲻 
ȻҲߣ֮ҲΪ磬ڵΪľΪΡѪ飬ľⲻھ磬 
ڲอѪ磬硢ои֮ͬʵз粡Ҳʦѡз 
ƪơ÷֮Ϊ죬򵫱۲죬а磬ʣаھزʤԷ磬 
ھ֮Ϊ֮ǳ֮Ҳзڣ֮ǡ֮ʹ糸 
Է֮ǶΪ֮֮Ҳǳ֮ͬԲҲơаڸ 
ʶˣа 
࣬༴ԣѡ˲֮ǣ֮и࣬Աӡߣ 
գҲиߣӦ£һ£ͨھ࣬ 
ӡơߣ֮ҩǿ׳ǣѪ  
ء顢֡Ρߡȣɢ̵Ҳ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>̥
ԣ̥˸֮ǲҲ©£Ϊӡߣδʮ¶СҲ© 
ߣѪ̥뾭©Ҳδ¶©ߣ̥ز̥δΣ֮Ѫ̥ҲѪУ̥ 
಻ӡ¶©ߣ̥ѳɣѪ©򰲡֮󣬲Ѫ飬 
֮䣬ȣ΢Ѫ飬֮ʣҩֻ˲ѪͶ 
ȿϪơòѪ֤ĩ֮˹ԣҽҽȣ΢ 
ԻҲͶɢ֮ҩΩ֤ռӣ֤ųŸ屹Ȼ˲Ρ 
䲹ڼȱ֮δ֮ȣߣ 
̿أΣɱӡ¶٣лޣȻ 
¶һߣ޲޺Ҳֲʹͣ麮侭 
ҲҹԻԭǼҩ²䱾ĩҩ֮Ϊӡ举 
˲󡢸ӲϤʦѡУξҲ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ҩ
ԣҽķ飬δֻ֪ĳҩԺĳҩȣĳҩ̵ĳҩĳҩʪĳҩ 
ƢĳҩѪĳҩѪҩǶѣҩӦ֣ȹŶ飬ʼ֪֮ 
ٻܲľĪˣҲҲؿ٣ľ 
ʼũ۸죬ٻܲľ巽֮ʱ֮ɣиɫζ֮ 
һԹ֮Ϊҩԡ֪ҩ֮ԣ֮ȡ֮б˲֪ԣã 
ΪĩϬǽȣθΡ֤֮ 
Ϭǣθ֤֮ʹ֮֮Σ֪Ϭ֮Σߺιʣ֮ 
Ժ磬θߺιʣ֪Ȼ֮ʣȡ֮ҷԴ֪ʶӲ֮֮ײľ 
Ҳײײײ֣ɹգ 
ҩԱطอ롣Ƥë⼡ͨˮ֮Сľ֮ת䡢 
׹֮½ҩ֮֮֮˹ΪбδϤʮ 
Ʒ֮ 
˲β֮ԪԪһ಻ߣ֮ˮ𲻽֮ԪҲزƢ 
֮ԪƦҲѪ֮ͣԪҲ֮̿ӡʳθڲߣ˲Ρ 
֮θ̽ںҲһһ֮θ˱زʳʳǿ 
ࡣҩֹһһ˲α졢ء֮֮ܲԪ񣬹ʱ֮֮áʤ 
˵˵飬ɶ 
 ֮ӾԴＡ鲻ܴӾＡߣ֮ 
ƢƢ֮֮߱ɽҩʯ 
ʡɽ˸ʲݣƢҩҲƢ֮ҩʤӡ 
ζӡ١֬졢ػƣԲҩҲ㣬˿ɲȻҲ 
߶˹𡢸Բ 
ҩͨߣת顢ľͨҩͨݣͨ߾ɸ 
١ϡɣѪ֮ҩ߾컨顢Ƥܴ֮ 
ࡣ֮ͣϣ򴨱ĸ۹ݡ󶬣ľͨʣرԣθİ粻ͨ 
ᣬ²ܺԴߣҩ֦֮ߡʡ轣ʹ¡ 
棬ԪƤ֬㸽޼֮Ρ 
ҩд̶ߣΡǽƷ磬ƽľƷƽľԷҲ飬 
ɽ⡢ζӡػơ顢֡ľ֮ԲΡˮľΣνĸҲ 
ͣ࣬ϳ㣬ˡ١أк 
Ҳอ飬ߣֵอкʩרкӡΪ֮ܳ 
в֤֮ڷΣڱ𸭣 
֮ѭ˳иڷΣΪҲȹڷΣþñΪ֤֮ξ֮ҩͨ 
ִһʡ۹ɣƤ׽ӡơաӣкҩҲٺϡĸ˲Ρ 
ζӣԲҩҲƢ֮ҩԲΣ̫Ƣ̫ν𣬹ʲƢ 
Ҳɢëϣ⼡֮ҩкΡǷƤëˮʵкӣƤëк 
Ҳ 
䲡ڹǣ֮ҩ𡢸á䲡ڽø֮ҩ顢ֿãǰ֮ҩԿ 
Ҳڼ⣬òƢ֮ҩھİ֮ҩƤë÷ξ֮ҩҩǰ 
֮Ҳ 
ֶ֤ҩгɷ嶻֮ԭΡ˶һ 
УʶΪˮʼһ֪ȶڷơѪѪߣ֮ 
Ҳߣ֮Ҳ飬һڳ㣬һ񷳲˳ô 
׳н֮ΡǮϰ裬ส׳н֮Ҳ޴֤䶻ѭ֮·֮ںİ 
İѪ㲻طһҪþ֮ҩʹ 
֮ȺѪİ컨ϡܴݡ顢ܺء֮֮ࣻнɫ 
󣬺зθն΢ˮɫѪ顢֡ߡ  
Ρʲݡɣ档Ƕѣ֮ΣԲϾ֪Ȼ֮ʩҲҲ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ҩ
ԣҩƷƷǧ֣Ѱߣʮ֣ʮ֮Уҩαö벻ˣ 
ϤҲҩСǡʤӡαҩҲݳԭѱ 
δУ֮ 
ҩࡢף໨Ϊ֣׻Ϊ֣һ֣жҮơƣó֣ӡ 
԰Ϊ֮ҩ֪аʹѪԣƼζƽԹǣ 
ҮԽҩ׽ζڣӡ 
Ӳ֣ӲΪΪСȻسΪʤ֮ǴС 
֮⣬Ҳ 
СҲֶΪඹϸСΪСҩһֲӣ棬ʳ 
ν֮ 
ʤӣҲں֮Ϊʤоʤ̨֮ɼԺ鷹ʤ 
Ҳҩһпʣ˹ʭҲԹʭʤʭ֮þʤӣô֬ 
ӡ 
ǣƷ֮ҩ֮ɽ֮һߣ˱ɽ֮ʯ¢ǣ 
֮ΪƲ꣬ʡ˺ۡзˮСֹ 
ǣҲգֹߣ֮ǣΪϸۣ亹ף·֮֮ 
壬Ƿʳֹ֮ν 
ũֹаģްҩˮģʣżм 
ҩΪʱ᳣ϲÿãڲ֮⣬ðٽޤ 
ԶȻ֭Сʵãɱ HT Ϊҽ̵ֹкʳ֮ҩÿÿ֮ 
֪ 
סҩ֭ζҩ֮֮棬θӤвؼʳHT  
֮棬뽴죿ҩ֭ǽƢ֮ƷҲ 
ҩ֮αߣ֦ϸζɽҲʦ֦ù֦ȥƤߣֹȡҼ֦һζ 
֦Ƥڹǣȥ֮á֦֮ɶҮ˷ãΪ֦ɡ 
ҩ֦֮ɵãݶáʮУ֮ãѶԹٹ֮ 
ϸϸ緢㴥ǡϸ緢ǣΪź⣬֮档 
ζӣΩζѣ֮й⣬ζ֮Ͽ򡣴ζɫϣ΢й⣬ 
ζᣬ΢һֺɫɼݺ֮ɫߣҲ 
ΪӽθɽΪĸƢƢθĸ֣֮ɽĸ֮֡н̨ 
ֽ֮ƬʵҩǱ֮ɹα䣬ֹɢаƢҲ 
ҩ֮벻ˣ֪ҩ֮˷񣬲֮Ͷ֮ ˡÿö֪˷񡣽Ծʮ 
֮ҽɢÿǰǰ¼գ 
꾰ơϹֹвǰ֮֮Ǻ꾰֮ʵ֮Ҳǰ̵磬ɢ 
֮㣬Ƚ֮νҲ˲ҩԣв̫òа֮˵ 
ѫ㣬δа̫̫ҩҲ˺ۡơ̫֤ơñ̫⣬ 
תߣСνɴ̫֮ҩҲ¶ϣڶ⣬ 
߲ã֮ʱв֮롣 
飬θ֮ҩԪ֤֮ÿ飬֮ʹϡ֪飬飬 
תܱ֮ɢãݣԪ֮ʹϣᣬѣӡ 
̫֮ҩơ̫ǿKT KT ޺磬֮ 
̫֮֮ҩҲɫζ֮Ǵ̫֮ 
̫ߣһҲ 
ʯ࣬ɫףζԺΪ֮ҩΪҩȷ֤֮Ԫ飬ãԪ 
ȣ˲Σ˲ΰ׻˵֪ʯк˺֤֮ʵ 
ÿʯ֮࣬䲡ʣ֮֮Ч벡㲻ˣִֹ⣬֮濰 
ᣡ˺ʵʵʵȷΪ֤̫֮֮ȣ֮ 
飬ʼͶʯ࣬ϳɷһ๦׹֮ҩöҲζ 
ʯ࣬Ϊк𶾣˳нԴ˲֮У۶֮˳棬ռ䣬ʯ 
ԽⶾѪͣ䶾Խ⣬ʯⶾδ֮ҲҶԭϵ𶾣˾Ȫ֮꣬ 
Ҳ㣬Ƕǻ𲻳ǻ𲻳ǻ𲻽ǻ𲻺Ҳ򶻶֮⣬𣬿ã֮ 
кҲ֤ȣʯΣȻǵ֮ҩɲҲ 
ҽ˺ȣûȣνСлҲȲ˺ȣƤë 
֮ͬк桢溮֮졣ڿո⼡Ƥո峦θ֮ȣƤ弡֮ȣ 
гڳ֮ȣԭ׳ʵθ飬ⲻںëڲھáȻ 
ãֻ֪ӣơýȣӦ䣬ʳ֮Ҳ 
֮⣬֪ĸ֪ĸƤƣƤë 
ζຮˮ֮ԣ֮ˮ֪֮ĸҲ֪ĸƤëȣ֮ 
Ƥë֮ȡ֪ĸΪҩӡ 
ިŮήŮӽ֮Ҳһɫ񣬸ҲһճҶ䣬֭ 
ճҲȡ֮塣ި˲֮ȣΪʢ飬 
²ߣҩɡ 
󶬣ĸ˱θ󶬺Уʮһܺ 
ͨθУУܺͨθɢᣬ˱ñȥģʥ֮⡣ν 
ķ֮ķǼˮ֮벻ӡ 
кˮУˮ̡ˮж½רС֮ҩҲ˲壬ν 
ĿãйˮĿݣ֪кˮ֮ҩҲ̫ƪɢкʣС㲻 
кˮ̣ʡˮ϶ʼ£С㣬ľ֮ͨͨԴС߽Է 
֮ҩҲ 
Ρߡʣ١룬Ϊ˽Ƣθк֮Ҳδ󺮴֤òΡ 
𡢸Ƥģᣬ١Ҳ֤ʩΣͲҩ 
ִɷƤģɢ֮ҩɲ֪Ҳ²ҩУв˹顢ߣйҲ顢ֲˣ 
಻Ҳ˱Բ˯ʣ㼴˯޲˯֮ 
ӡơѪڸΡԶѪΣ˯̫飬飬 
˯θУ棬϶£˯ϣϣ϶ 
ϣ϶ϣԲܺϣԲ˯Բ˯֮ʶʩɣɶ 
ζ裬ء𡢸֮֮ˮ油ˮҲ飬 
˹𡢸飬㲻ӡ֤֮Ϊ飬أɿգ 
ؿг㡢㡢ľ㡢ޢɰƷζ㣬øвͬ 
µ³֮壬Իȣ֮θ߻ҲԻľ㣬 
㡣ߣҲɸɣһ·ݡѪһһܣľ֮Ի׶ޢҩ 
Ҳξ֮ϣͨޢܴν֮ 
ɫףԻ׶ޢɰʣԭɰ ̥ҩҲй޵˲֮塣㸽ɯ 
ݸ֮ӣӽڸ֮壬̥ɰ֮ͬҩζͬ 
⣬ãɸͶʩҲ 
飬ʡг֮з粻޷ҡƷ硣粻ɵãΪ 
顣᲻ɵãгɽһҲƻʼ֮Уܻʮӣʮ 
ԸʼζƽͨʮΪ֮ҩƷζţ޺Ҳ 
űóɽԳɽΪűҩ֮磬ֳ֪͡ɽű֮Ҫҩǳ֮ű 
Ҳ̫Ƣ麮ΪƢ֮űշΪ֮ű²֮Գɽܴ 
ɢֹűνɽʳൣ˽붫Ұ֮֮ҽڴ˵ 
ӣƢܣزűӣ֮У 
졢Ѽ˼ɡƽůθűʳҲؽǳϺ˵գ 
ֹǣ޵ǡɫζ̵ͬġţΪհǣ 
ζ 
䡣з̵ӿ飬ˮѴ˹ʱɢа׳ȿֲãֹ 
ĩԿ֮ǣ֮ 
޼д޼޼֡޼΢˴֮ҩ޼ɫд̣ 
֮ʣƻ˴֮ҩʫơǽдġ޼Ҳ԰޼ΪɳԷ޼޼ 
Ϊ޼Թ֮ģΪƢ֮ҩգ 
ÿ˶֮νӸ֮棿¼̶١֮٣ 
֮ͨҩҲһ֮Улơף㣬н֮ѪֵѪ 
֮ҩҲͨѪβˣӸ֮գ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣʮͨеѭдΣͳȣѪڣлתҹͣҽ 
ִ֣硢ءҽָ֮ҽ֮һһ֮Ӧָһν֮һһһ 
֮䣬ϣ£٣ν֮ƽһһ࣬Ϊ 
һһ࣬ΪơóΪ麮Ϊȡʶ֮Ҳ 
Ȼ֮иɬҡС֮֡ߣϣָãˮƯľԻ 
ߣ£ָʼãʯ³Ի̶Բתɬɬ絶 
͡繭ң֮Ҳת֮Ҳ󣬹ڱλҲС 
λҲ֮⣬΢ϸҡ΢ߣ΢ҲϸߣϸС緢˿Ҳߣ 
ޣ簴йҲߣ⾢ᣬ簴ƤҲ֮һָ±֤οж 
Ȼȵ֮Բ֮θԲߣӦָͬҲθߣӦָذ 
ҲԲθᲡأز 
ֲ֮⣬ϺΡ衢©ȸġʯ˵ϺߣϺ֮Σߣ 
֮ۡ©ߣ״Σϡ衣ȸߣȸɢʯߣӲʵָʯϺΡ 
衢©ɢ֮Ҳȸġʯ˼ǿ֮Ҳ֮ԣġƣ˽θӦ 
ָҲ 
 
֮Ҳָ֮ɫҲĿ졣ͣвƫɫ 
ɫزɫʣٲá 
֮⣬жжһ֮ʶҡԲ綹Ҳһͷԣظ㣬 
ԾԾ˾ѭлתڿ϶֮΢¶ˣνҲ 
ָơġСΡףҷΡ󳦡Ƣθһһ 
Ϊϣϡࡷ֮ҲʡִϣУ¡Լ֮Ҵ 
ΣģСϽ磻ҹغƢغΣتСнθСأ 
кף޷ңвѪ½ߡԺϣԺУԺ£ʡ֮ 
ΪȻҲ 
ʦ˺ۡƽƪ﷨ġġġʮ֮أԾٶԺ֮ 
Ի֮ߣҲ֮ߣҲ֮ߣƢҲʮ֮ߣҲ 
֮ߣҲԸС֮˺֮ۡΪȻҲ 
ƽؾУ۲ӣ 
ӡȻ磬Ϊߣֲɲ֪Ҳ֮ߣ֮ԭ 
ƽƽΣ 
ңѪΪҲ֮ŮΪѪҲŮ 
֮ƽ޺Ůƽ޺֮λоߣŮ 
ңоߣŮ󡣡ʡơΪ棬ΪӣŮΪ棬ΪӣӲͬ 
อ൱ͬӡ 
۲ĳϵĳĳĳ㣬֮£Ϊݡ֮ 
ͻ벻ͻ֮ΪҲ 
С֮˷С޲ѱϸֻһָ֮Ϊƽ֮ 
ޣ򼱼񣬼֮磬಻ӻڶɫСߣ̸ҲС 
֪֮СԼԼӦ֮ɶ 
ɴ֮۴СŮΪˣɣߣΪˣɡ 
֮ԣΪš֮ߣڡࡷڡʡϱ۱ƽ 
֮ͨ 
Ҫӡ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣͯɥƶʣԷĸƾ֮ҵۣϰ֮֮᪻š 
Сҩԡȫҽָơ˺巨Ϊǡʮ꼴 
βЧгߣȻѭͶҩδܿӦ顣׳꣬ʮаˣѮƣʱ 
ҽҽҩͶվ磬಻첻ҩٶֹ̾Իҽ֮ΪҲҽǣ 
ǡҽνΣʱۣѧɣþۡ˺ 
ѡũʡࡷ飬Ϧξʼǰ֮ϰԷҽѧ֮Դ 
֮Ͷ΢ʮ꣬᪻δܿð£֤ʩΣѲ֮ͬ 
β̵ִ𡢸кͣʳ֮˵ѭͶҩҲÿһ֤ؾ䱾̽ԭҩͬ 
ףνƫִൣأΪƫִҮֻķ飬 
ۣ֪⣬֪ڣƫӣҩԲ޶ĩԴִӡҽ 
ģ޿ɰΪ۲һƣƫִ֮νգ۾ 
֮Ͼÿķű֮飬ҽҲ硶Ѧҽϡҽᡷҽڱضҽ 
飬Է֮ӱͨũ᪡پһഫ֮Ҳơò֪ʮ磬ھ 
޼ãб꣬ббֻ꣬ȡǧˣһ𡣴ƣ 
Žۣڡҽѧ洫ʾԳţʹѧ֮ɲҲθգٹ֪ 
֮Ҷѣ 


<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣࡷʡũ䲡ۡҪԡ飬ʥ֮΢ԣҽּ֮ 
Ҳϰ֮ϰΩɴ֦֮˵ΪӦ֮ݾĩҲΣ 
ӡϻ֮־ΪǱ࣬ʾˣʾ֮ 
อ֣֮֮λҩ֮ζɫһʮһ˼ɣδ 
꣬Ȼ顷ءָ֮֮ӡн֮ǣһȻ 
βȫģʵΪ׾ƫǾһϰ֮ƫʣ롶顷ءּҲ 
˵֮飬Ծʥ֮΢԰ּҽ֮Ͻ֮Σ 
Ϊ±çֹ֮Ҳ죣 
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