<ƪ>ڿժҪ
ڿժҪ
ߣѦ  
  
ݣԪ1368-1644  

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<ƪ>һԪе֢
ԣ֮л㴣 б̵ӿʺа 
һ˲һաڿ˯ΪΣǰҩе 
ߡǰоκ̵֮ҩնض֮ÿ˲а 
棬ȡӣ θɼ 
нãΰ̵ͷΣ̵ԻߣƢҲ 
̵ʢߣƢҲͷߣƢҲָߣƢҲԲ 
ߡԲƢðζػԲĸڡǬⷽơ÷ָ 
з֮ɷѷ硢Ԥ֮˳ĺ´㲻ʳ 
⡣νԤ֮Ѫʳ飬ԶĻҲǰԤ 
зȡҲ 
һӣУ б纮֫м飬纮 
ˣܴ֮ԲɽٶȬೲԣУ 
Ի֢õػ֮Ȼ֢ɽϢʧˣˮ㣬Ļʢ 
̵Ҳգ߻ 
һӣ౾ӲǿԲ壬 б̵ӿʢ֫岻졣ΪƢʪ 
иɽ١Ȭ 
ʦܸիԴͬأνԻɷ粡ӣʹ̣ 
֮Իô˸ʢ没֮Σʹ׶а֮ 
Ҳ׳ˮ֮ԻԢۡΪ磬ҽҩȻ 
գ֮Ҳνǰ֢Ϊ缲÷ɢΣ߶ӡ 
ϴ̵飬Ŀᣬ绯̵ҩ̵۷ʹ죬ָ 
ΡԻʢǰҩ˸ΣʢζԻƢΣˮ 
Ϣˣ̵塣ζػ衢¶Ȭ 
һߣڿ࣬纮飬硣ԻôƢ鲻ʵ˲ţ 
֮ҩ֫룬̵Գз硣ԻôɢԪλ 
Բšζ֮ 
ˣʮ࣬ʹ㡷֮ҩľȣ̵ӿϥ 
ʹɬͷĿأڽѣУɦмʼšνԻúҲ?Ի 
ƢҲ̵ԳƢҲбɬƢҲͷĿأƢ 
ҲмƢӪҲòġʮ֢Ϥˣ 
ò֮ 
ʹΰɫŭͷ͵أ̵ӿԣڸ 
顣Ϊ𣬲ԴͷΣˮԴΪ̵ȶ 
׶ʡòζ֮ۻ뷿䲡ǰ 
ҩ 
Ļիʳʧˣ죬裬̵ӿò ֮ 
ֹ˼壬ܲġؽϥ׹ʯʹ̣ 
̵࣬Ƣذɬ೯òӻưء֪ĸšζ 
͵ػ裬õػϼӻưء֪ĸ֢ϤˡԳڽȬ 
ʱãڿ࣬ŭб̵ʢ飬ŭλò 
ɽ١ߡġ۹ 
ˣŨʹ̵ʢʣϲˮҩ̵ 
ţ裬֫ԣΪƢ飬òӼζ裬 
ȬԺӣѮƾҪơ÷˾÷Ӽζ裬طʽӡ 
ĸʮ壬ʹڸĿ࣬ͷ̵գС 
࣬ҹСζػϼɽ١֢֮Ϥ 
һʱ󣬱ʹ絤죬̵ӿҹʹΣ 
Եػ 
һˣ۲죬ɬ֮ҩιʹ˷ҩѪ䲡Ҳ 
Ѫõػ貹ˮ絤 
һˣŭ̵ʹ¡ˡ׿֮಻Ӧ֮ 
죬֫ȿڸɣ뵡ΪŭƢΣѪ 
ȻңɢζػΡϲϤ念 
һˣƢθʳ٣̵ӿͷҡĿԺɫ 
м࣬˸ľƢӲ֮գԲӰĵȬ 
һˣᣬιʹһˣҩ˳ɢҩб٣̵ 
ȣʳ룬ΪƢѪ£üζƢʮ 
彥ʳӣַζңɢʮ̵ˣθ 
֢۲죬˸ξѪ٣õػ 
һα⳸ѪȣʮȫȬŭ 
ζңɢ 
һľ絤裬飬˼뵡ʣԺѪ 
飬ʮȫ󲹼ڽ֢ϤˣȴȥڽȣüζңɢȬ 
һӣ౾ǿӲԲ塣ԻôƢʪȣòѿɸ 
к֮ 
һˣŭ౾ǿֱ顣Ի౾ľƹʶӲҩ 
֮ 
һӣǣǿִָָʣؽᣬƤΡԻô֮ɢ£ 
Ѫȣңɢӻǡܴ֮ 
һӣȡԻô飬ζ貹֮ 
һˣ뵡Ի֫ҲƢ飬òٵ֮ 
㲻ԣִѷ硢貢絤档 

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<ƪ>ʳ;Ԫ֢
ԣʿͣʧڵȻ㴣ԪЮ̵ͯ㣬˼ 
ˬòΡ ǮܺǮΡɽ١˲ݸһǮ֮Զ 
ξʮȫζ֮Ԫʧˣʳ 
;룬̫žǣԺȡȣȷȣڸʣ 
ʹѣͣвʹͷʹѣĿ延£С 
ɬʹΣ긹䣻ݲ䣬֫η٣һ 
֢޸𣬵ǰ֢Ϣӡ 
»ةƢθ飬ʳ;룬ʹƦôƵҩ֮ﷳ꣬ͷʹ 
кƵƵʱ㴣״ΣӼڽļ뵡ʳڸɷȣ 
к֮ҩԻòʱȣ޻ҲѪҲ鸡Ҳ 
θ֢θ֢֮Ϥˡ 
ʳʧˣηȣڸ룬Сɬʹò֮ 
֪ҽưء֪ĸ֮ͷѣĿࡢ̵ӿʹС 
ɬˡʵ֮࣬Ʀʳ˼ˮö¡ˡ 
ưء֪ĸšζ־ٷη࣬òΡ Ǯ 
顢ǮԶ־ʡ˲ݸһǮ֮˯ãļ԰ð 
 
ƢҲƢΪƢǰ֢Ƣθø֮ 
θԪȡ˷ÿຮƢѪҮǰ֢飬 
ơԻơĸò 
ζػԲĸȲÿຮ֮ҩƢΪ飬ûưء֪ĸ֮࣬ 
θ˶ӡ 
飬ʳۣΣβƢ 
̻Ƣˮľƽӡ 
һӣÿۣʳƦͷʹ̵ʣԻôƢθѪ鲡ҲƢ 
ΪѪԻ顣˲ţ¡ʵŨַ֢֮࣬ 
ưء֪ĸţʹŻ״ΡڽʹŻ 
òȬ 
䣬ʧˣʳʧڣ֫뵡ʣͷʹ񺮣˲ΰܶɢ̵ 
㴣㣬ؼ䷢ߣšòӽšζ֮ 
ѡʳ;룬ȶ񺮣ý֮ҩټ㴣طڰߡ 
ò֮Ӷ⡣ 
һߣڿ࣬ʳʧڣѪ֮󣬷ǱѪǶ 
ȣѪҩ֮ЧƢɬ˼ƢѪԴȻѪ 
ѪɫѪԻ֮΢񺮷ȣѪҲǰ 
ƢšζԲƢ֮Ѫպɢ֮Һ 
îգ±ϻ䣬÷ơߣȷʣʱͷʹ 
ɢҩӴʹ亹ˮҹԪ£丹ϲ 
ѯ֮Ȼʮȫ󲹼ӸһǮ֮˯ѣټҾ̣ 
֢ˣټȬ 
ʳʧˣһл֢Ϥ溮ȣʶǸϲ 
ůη㣬ԪΪơ 
һߣĿɬհӣԪݣòӲΡ Ȭ 
һӣ֢ͬǰưء֪ĸ֮࣬ĿӱѪƢ鲻ͳѪ鲻 
ܲѪòζػԲƢˮ֢ 
һӣʳ;룬ȣľΪ۶Ժܶ׹ɫ 
ƣ֫뵡󣬰֮ޣƢθ֮Ҳѯ֮ˮ÷ 
ǰҩԪʶòº֮ҩֶ 
һߣָѪʹʡʳ;룬׹΢ʹ 
˯ҹ£ʣ֮ܶʹƢڴָƢ 
ݣʮȫ 
԰飬뵡طšζƳڻư 
ҹ£ȣò£ȻҼڽг⣬ 
Ƶƣչת뼫£Ԫע 
ʮһ꣬ݷ 
ͲдȻ˯ãǰҩʼʱ 
ʮ壬ݷͣһҹ¡ڼ֮䣬ռǰ 
ҹݷͣÿǰݲ֫巽Խͣ۴ˣ֪Ѫ˥η 
ͬ 

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<ƪ>Ƣθĸʹ֢
ԣǲʹูʹҳҹҽƢаˣԲӰ 
ľɫмࡣ 
ǲʹÿԲɽټһŭǸʹвͣŻ 
ʳҽƢλˣǰ裬һɫм 
ࡣ 
̫ɽŭʹквͣʹС㲻ʳ 
Ż̵ѣ˼壬˸ľƢСɽ١ڽߡƤƻһ 
ƻǵȷ֣ˮʪͬȡã´ˡ 
ɽ֮ڣŭ̵࣬ȸʳ˼㷢ȣʮӡ 
ˡʵġաŨӡҺ飬ҹλѪľλζ 
ػľϦӵ顢ҩԵƢ¶îĻң֢ 
ô²֮ҩģŭȸظѮգö¡ 
ʯ֮ӿƣù̵֮ൽ֮֮ޡԻô 
ƢθȣƢѷҲӽһӼ˯֢ʧ 
 
ģͣʳз纮ͷʹȣĸʹαֹ˲θܺơ 
ء㸽۹һյּңǰʹΡذʹֹ˿ͺ 
Ҳɰľ㡢ڽ֮˯ʹߣȥٷʳٽ 
ּӻ 飬 
ĸθ䵱ʹ磬ҴؾޣУ΢ƾ䣬Σƣ 
ɫ۰ƢľʤòΡߡƤʲݲľθ 
иɢƢθֹ֮ĸ֮ʹһٹȷٽϤ 
ʹʹ޲ù֮ҩࡣһ˻ᣬʱĸʹ಻ҩӦù 
Ƣӳɽٶ 

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<ƪ>ġƢ麮ݵ֢
ԣ̷ͷʹˮжģԽֹӡ麮ӵ顢 
ơľ㡢ڽ 
һߣʱϲʳȸ㲻ʵָʪƢ麮ݣ 
ӽ֮ΪʧˣǰҩӸǮٷ 
һӣ뵡ʳʿɣָʪ׹Ƣθݡò 
ߡĶ 
һӣʳ䣬ʳη̵ʱŻ̵¡ʵ 
֮࣬ظͣŻ̵ʳС죬ߡء֪ĸǰС㲻 
ԻôƢθ麮޻֢֮ʳ벻ðζ貹ò 
ӽйѰ 
һӣÿ֫ʱʹ̵֮ͳʹԵʪʹף뵡 
ȵ֮΢ϸ麮òӸһǮ˲ǮʹϤ 
ʮȫ󲹰˼Ʒ˲һʮࡣ 
ơüĸʮжξ£Ƣ̵ԷȣʪŻ¾ʳ 
ˡƤҩӺȣڸѲգʣʳŻӡӭ 
֮ԻƢѣƢ鲻ԼƣԳҲ˲ΰθɢۣΪθʵ 
ʳ֮磬˼ϣʳָһ飬ٷŻˮֹԷǰҩ磬 
֮ӣΩĿжԻúڣȣȻҩ 
θӳ긹ɢԿĸ֮Ը 
䣬ʱգԲΡΪĩҩӳƤΪ״ 
ڣҺ£ŻպʮˣѲֹպ󽥷һ 
ףθٸ˼ͶԲΡҩ²Ƣθʮ 
Ÿ״֮ 
̶Ŷװ顣 

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<ƪ>塢Ż˥֢
ԣ͢꺲Ʀʳѻ裬öݣȿڸɣ΢ò 
ӽ֢ϤˡΩƢθ麮ðζ貹Ż𣬲¶ʳ¶ 
䡣֢ǰ裬丹ʹ٣㸡ףС֢üӼ 
еߡ 
һߣʢϲȼ̵֮֫һʵʳΩʳ 
֮﷽졣νʳ뷴Ƣθ麮ðζ輰ʮȫ󲹼ڽƽ 
һˣʳ޹Ǵ㲻ʵȸö¡Żν 
ԫƣаȲɱȣƢθĩСڽľ㣬θ 
ʳԲڽľ㡢ߡȬŭʳ٣Ԫӣ 
ӷȣʵ飬ޣζ£֢Ϥ 
ơʧ㣬Ȼľ㺮ξȺ£˯ 
ˮ˯ҸƦᣬĦ֮ĦйֹÿÿӾ磬 
ʳԶʹкҽЧ׳꣬ի֮Ȼ̾Ի 
ô˷ƢθŻ˥麮ʹ֮ȻҲרƢθӣɷζ 
ྴ顣ǰζиӣҽãնض죬Ī 
ãի֮Ҳƶܱ£Լ顣ξ׳ʮգ 
ɼսװ顣 
»ͣʳѻԶ¡ɽ١ʵ֮࣬ݣʳռ 
νƢ麮֢֮֮ĸ˲ţ˾² 
޹ĸ񺮶ȣ䣬η񺮣΢ÿν 
ؼʳʳڼ䡣Ի֮ȣ޻Ҳðζ׳֮ 
Դ衣˷֮⡣ 
̵ͤ¡׿֮࣬׳Σ΢ϸ 
ҹظذ΢ԻôŻ˥ƢҲ 
ԷǰҩƢ£ѸΣҴƽѣ 
ӣǲΡơĸʵкӡӣĸĸ 
㣬кӣٹ? 
꣬ڼɽڣֶأʱ㴣֮ﲻ󣬰֮ޣ 
֢֮Ҳòθ֮ԭҽϲӭԻȵ֮ͬȻ֮˯ 
ʳټ˼ʣ෵թøӶӣԻ֮ 
òθԹپ˺ơù֦ʣʢ˱Уθʢ 
ӡǰߣʱ֮ 

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<ƪ>𲻹龭ȵ֢
ԣ֮ʱȣˮ룬ҩȡݣʱ 
̫Ի֮ȣ޻𣻺֮ˮơٿ޻ 
ҲʱʱֹˮҲüӼζ裬¶ 
ͨŹ˴иʮоţٶ뷿ͷʹȣѣΣ̵ʢС 
Ƶڸ̣֦Ȼ´ѣĿ࣬겻£ʱ 
̻ϳ壬ٽ⣬ѱף֣ 
⣬Ͷʮȫ󲹼ɽкƤɽҩšζӡһã 
֢ģζ裬֢֮ϤˣηȬ 
±ʳɣʮһ뷿ţշַֹ͸кŭ췢ȣв 
ʹأƦԺ꣬֫䣬˯о£縡飬 
·ޣòҩ֮΢ϸ޻ȣʮȫ󲹼ɽҩ 
ɽƤӡһ֢Ȭ˵ԪһǸҲ 
һߣڸɣȣСƵǣؽᣬţ·ޣõ 
ֹζػ裬ͣʮȫǰϤ 
֮ͬʮʱģɫȣʣˮСؽᣬ 
̵ӿĿ̣࣬ѣȣʱâ̶޶ӣ 
Ա֮ʹף飬⣬ǻҲǴȶ֮ 
ˮҲԼӼζһһˮټ룬 
ô룬˯ʳһ룬˯ǰҩһ룬˯ʳ 
룬֢Ϥˡηϥ֢Ϊ˺Ի÷Ҳ󺮶 
֮ȣ޻Ҳӣ԰ζһ֮Իļ֢ˡʮ 
֢֮ͨʮȫӦ 
˳ͣɫȣ϶ʱˮžֹС 
֮࣬ǰ̵֢ӿ¡ưء֪ĸ֮࣬ 
ʳ˼׿ǡ㸽Ǹͣ㲻ʵ֮΢ϸ೯ľΪ 
ء飬ϦüӼζ裬ԸٽӿȪѨʮȫ 
ͨСֱͣɬ֮ͨ룬̵ȶö 
ǰҩͷʱ飬ν䵱ӣΡΪأ 
ĸ˷ưء֪ĸ⡣ 
⽭죬ơʮ֮ģȴ̵綬Ϊ 
ʱС̵޶ʱνƢʪ̵ˡʵ£ר 
Ļ֮࣬δȶģ޶ʱ̵âȻ 
Ϊ̵¡ưء֪ĸ֮࣬飬ģ̵ 
ʡ̵ҮҮʾơԻô֢𣬻𲻹龭׳ˮ֮ 
⡣˾࣬ȴ鸡òζػƶ 
νǣ㣬һ˺ԣģھ 

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<ƪ>ߡƢθȸ֢
ԣ˾Żͣ긹ʹ䣬΢ϸøһ 
֮ϸòθһ 
䣬²ֹ³ζӭͶԻôʳϣ 
£ҩ˺ˮֹƽ 
ҩ԰ҹգ˷̸Ũ£Ƶο֮ 
һߣɫƣȸ㡷̵֮ҩ㲻ʵʳ룬Ƣθ 
麮ڽľ㽥Ԫ֢ߣ˲ 
ľ㡢ɽӦԽ衣麮ؼӸӣ 
в 
һᣬʳʧˣظͣᣬ֪ҽö¡ʵư֮ 
ǰֺ֢ʹֺˮòߡģ֮㸡 
ף ףȣŻ£ǰҩ 
ߺ֮ݲƣʳζ裬ʱŻö¡ʵ 
̵ӿ٣ա׿ǣԣͣŨӡƤС㲻ơݭйкʹ 
Ϥ麮ӽӦӸһǮˣʮߣ 
ζȬ 
һᣬŻ̵ѣʣƦ̵ǰ̵֢ԳԻ 
Ż̵ѣθ麮ʣθƦƢòΡ 顢֮ 
࣬²Ƣθˡ˲ţԷǰҩ֢ϤΡԻʳ 
룬治йкʹ䣬ν飻ʣԽҲ 
ҲӡԻȻպҹ?Ի󡣵硣Ȼ 
ĸ̫ˣʮ壬î£ʳżԣ⣬Żˮʣʳ 
Ωˮףɫ࣬θʪͶ֮ҩڼ£ 
ˮʮһ¿ˮϲˮԻһζ䶳 
ʮռӰߣʮռӳƤʮռӵ顢˸ʲݣʮ 
ʼյ࣬Ȭ 
һˣȸŻ̵ѣɫףö¡ʵ֮࣬ӷʣǸ 
ԻôƢθĩСţΣ֫ƣӸӡľ 
֮θѣʳ龭Բڽľ㡢ߡģ 
Ȭ 
һˣԳǣʳ˼ᣬɫƣ֮ԻôƢ 
Ʀθţ֮ʳ٣Եɰڽ 
ܺ顢ĸ۹ڽ 
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̵ֹ֮ȴƵҩ磬Ĭϣνҩ 
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溮ҲϢҺй״Ƣ𣬸֮ȻΩ²θ 
벹Ӱġߡľ㣬һЧĸ࣬Ϧ³ 
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£ûݲˣҽ̫ʷֹ߲ƪԴ࣬ʹ߹ʡ 
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ΪƢᣬùƢʳ糣Ƣʳ 
֮ 
һˣʮʳӣƷ֮࣬沿΢ƣף糣ܲ 
ģ뵡ƢҸ֮΢͡ľ㡢̵࣬ʳ 
ٽݣԴ࣬Է֮ 
˻ˣŮƴҪ 

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<ƪ>ˡƢͣʳйк֢
ԣʿͣʳʹкƣ̵¡ɽ١ʵ֢֮࣬ҽ 
ҹҳ˸ľƢľ֮ʳйδѣ칦ɢԲƢ 
θ粻ӦòйɫƣƢݣǰľ㡢 
ޢ²粻Ӧĸ˰ζ衣 
»֣йк̵ͣŻڸɣƢθ֮飬̵Żֹ 
òߡģк֢ʪͣø𻨽ʪʪ 
ȥкδѣʵƢƻȻΪƶʵƢרʪ 
ȡ 
Ǯɾã̵ʢ㲻ʵ˳θʪ̵ͣö¡ˡɽ١ʵ 
ɸк飬һ̵࣬ʼʵ˺ԻǮ֮ 
Ũ߲ 
һߣ㻬ɬʳ㽥ף֢Ƣ麮üӼ裬ʳ 
ðζ裬θǿƢ 
һӣ̵ֳζƢƢͣ 
¼ӽ۹ɽ١衣ƢùƢ衣棬ƢӲ 
ɽ衣θ飬Һ˻ò衣 
һʿͣʳйкߡʵԻôƢйҲӽ 
衣ţó㻯һԴʳΣռԶ 
ǻ֮ң޾ˣ಻ 
ξδܻοƢ磬ᣬ׻ϣ֮඾Ѫй 
ʹѱȣڴӡҽʵ֮Ͷ֮չת磬 
իԻöƢ飬溮ȣ²ԲΡΪɽҩ 
Ϊǡ֬ζ顢ΪʮԴη֮ҽԻô 
ҲԻûɺ?Ϊ֮ѮѪֹѡ 
ǰܣνԻö沿磬ƢθҲν֮룬 
ۣȣ΢ӡغ!֮!Աʢ£ 
󸽰ĩΪķ߸档ôơܡ 

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<ƪ>šƢθͣʳ֢
ԣ˾գѮףＱأʪͣҩڼӴƶǮһ룬 
ּȬΩδֹƢݣò 
޸£СʹȥȥƢҲòͰζ裬 
֢ҩԪ֫Ͷߣö١ 
ڲ˶ͣʳʹ׹赼֮ףʳ룬ʣ 
֮΢ϸӽǮζһǮ֮˯֢ 
ˣټȫˡ˼ȶԼٺҲ 
̫߻ȪŻ²ʳʹأôƵҩһʹԺȣ 
òΡһ˸ʲݡڽǮһǮһӶգòڽ 
 
͢Ϊʳ뷿縹ʹȥ½ŧѪʣ˼룬 
裬һټðζϼζ֬ޢȬ 
йʮࡣʹأȿ䣬ʳҩڼӴһļ 
ӦǰҩƼ룬˵Ԫһ 
ͨѦ ѪϬǵػҩѪ࣬ݣʳＱأƢ 
ݣòڽһ 
һᣬأ֪ҽҩʳ˼֫䣬ΪƢθ 
ľ㡢ڽ 
һˣԾͬȥ̵ҩЧ˼ݡơþƲ 
ͬΪᣬÿɢԲΪ裬ʱʮ裬 
һϸʳŭＱأƢݣӸӡޢľһǮ 
֣֬ζһǮ֣֢ϤˣΩСƣ˸ƢҲ 
Ӹӡľ֣ļھ̣ˮζػ裬 
ĸʮĻʹŻʳȿְʹָֹ 
аʵҲ˲Ǯ߸ǮƤ顢ӡ˸ʲݸһǮ֮ 
˯ʳ֢ˣټȡ֢ȡҲ֢ʱʯ 
̫ˣꡢ֢ͬר² 
԰ʮɫ̵ڸɣʱкîνԻ֢֮Ϊ 
Ƣʪȣ̵кö¡ʵѿ֮࣬ӦҲ? 
֮ҽˮľҲҹҴ󣬸ľ˿ƢҲƢ𣬲 
ƻ̻Դţν̫ɽԻ˲õ׳ģ 
⡣ 
ŮƴҪ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ʮƢθűȵ֢
ԣʡ֣ͣʳкűƢűҩʳͣʱʹ¡ 
ʵ֮࣬С׹㸡ףӰɽ髣ʳδνԻúҲ?Իʳʹ 
Ƣ鲻ܿ˻ҲС׹Ƣ鲻Ҳ㸡ףƢ鲻ӪҲʳ 
Ƣθ麮޻ҲԲڽľ㡢һ֢ˣʳ 
ټӣȬ 
ͣʳ֢֮ʵŨӣʳ 
У޽ɢ˶٣˲θԪУ 
ӴܺԪͣʳƤռʳ㸽 
ɽ١ʳᣬʳʱʣԽ֮˽ű֮ 
ҲÿʱߣƢθΡʳߣض 
ʳз纮ߣʳϵԪа֢ò䲡 
ߣԲԽɢаˡаˣʵаȥʵ 
÷ƢθΡ˲ҹ˲˲ 
֮Ҳ 
ƢθΪδƢθʵűߣר̵ 
ĩ䱾ǰű֮ԣ粻Ӧ֮˵ 
ʱãűȣֹ֮ȶ񺮣ʳ˼˼룬򸡺΢ϸ 
麮òڲΡ 顢ǮʲһǮ֣ڽ 
һǮһֹԪ 
һߣﻼȣδƦͣ˲ζ죬ٷȼֹ 
ԵӰġߡڽԪٸÿʳ;뼲ǰҩ 
 
󷲾űԪ飬򺮣Ѫȣθ񺮣Ƣȣ 
ȽѲʳйкʹ䣬սͶƢű 
² 
һᣬÿͣʳкűң̵ͷѣ룬ȶ񺮣 
¡ˡʵɽ֮࣬űֹ֮ҩǰ֢ʱâȻԲ 
ߡģڲΡ Ǯ顢Ǯʮҩ 
ʮȫַٵأʵ 
һˣűòڸɾζɢšζٷԿ 
òߡģʮ 
űೣԲΡһ 
ֹԴнЧһζЧ 
ͥ־䣬űȶ񺮣ʳ룬òڲΡ 顢 
ǮʲһǮ֣ڽǮһֹԪ 
һˣûȣƢ֮࣬ͣʳ٣õߡġ 
һǮȬ 
һˣͣʳűֹأʳ˼ݣͣԲòΡ  
ʲݣߡĸһǮ֣ڽǮһٰǰҩڽһǮ 
ԪȬ 
űŮƴҪ 

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<ƪ>ʮһƢο̵֢
ԣȪʱ̵ѣʣ֫뵡Ͷȣ̵Իôˮ 
Ϊ̵ţ̵衣һкֹʳ룬ͷ۱աʼţ 
θȴζ裬֢Ϥ 
Ϫ飬òһɢаòʵ 
ŭǰӻʵͲʳС٣¡ 
ǰ֢磬С㲻ͨԻøͲʳƢθҲС٣ҲϤ򹥷 
Ͷӻ ڽζ֢ˣòڽζȬ 
عÿͿԣòһոò˲ΰܶɢ 
ǿ䣬šԻôҺ侷ӡǰӸһǮļȬ 
ðԣз࣬ٺ̵ֹػӸӡ 
̷ϣ̵ʱ䣬ΪƢ麮òڽ 
ְ֮ʣǸɣΪƢȣö¼ˡɽ١۹Ŷ 
 
Ƹף飬Ƣаòߡġζ֮ 
֮ܺ 
˾¹飬ԣ֪ҽ÷̵֮ӦȻ̵ҩ֢ 
ԻôƢҲţţ裬ظͣʳ˼֢Ϥ 
۹顢šζƢνϦðζ裬ŻƢ 
֢ 
ơò飬?Ƣ鲻ν𲡣ǰҩк 
᲻ö֪Ҳ 
鱫ϣ飬ԣ̵輰¡ˡ̵֮࣬ưء֪ 
ĸ֮࣬ƣҹңԻƢȲνִ 
̻֮ԴòɽšζϦζػƼζӣ 
ϲ 
ѡ֮ʳʧˣ̵û̵ɢ֮ҩʱģ࣬ 
̵ȳֹԻˮΪ̵֢֮ǰνҺ÷ǷӸ 
ԷǰҩչŧҴΪʼţý۹һŧֹټȫֹ 
ɫٰףǻ̡Իô֢ɬǰҩһζ֮ 
Ȭ 
ãزӣ̵Ժԣȣ¡ˡ׿ǡɽ֮࣬ǰ֢ 
ʳ˼¡ˡưء֪ĸ֮࣬ǰ֢ظ 
ʳ٣ȣɣƤաʡҡ۹֮࣬ͣС٣ 
ߡкߡ׿ǡƤġӣƦвͣС㲻 
ͨ¡£ٲԣʳ֮ԻƢ 
Ȳν𣬶Ļֳ֮˷Ӹ֮Ҳ̻Դ򲻾ȡţŧ̵ 
ΡԻƦƢҲٲԣνҲС㲻ͨˮҲв 
ľҲʳĻҲ˻ԴȾѰܣȻҩҮ?ѶȻ 
˿ҦߣŭʮƢθʳ˼вƣѪ 
ʳ룬вʹϲְΪ̵ˡԻ˸ľƢƢ 
νҲѪ䵥಻⡣̻Դ֮ҩļ֢ˡΪ 
ԻûǣƢԱν𡣱˲ţ̵֮Σء 
绬˷ӣԲţ˷ǰҩ»ŧ⡣ 
ѧʿⱱ,̵౾ǿӲ̵ҩ̵֫岻죬Ƣʪ֮ 
 
ʷհ֮ÿԣòˡɣȴ֮ǰҩ 
ೣΣߺԻô,̿˷ν𣬵̻Դζϼ 
šζټ 
ſԣö¡ˡ׿ǣ̵ֳӡʣڳ̵ 
ڸʡԻ̵ֳƢ鲻ʳƢ鲻νĭԳ 
Ƣ鲻㣻ڸʣƢ鲻Һڽ²Ƣθð 
ζ裬Բĸ 
һӣ̵ԣθҩӦΪ˷νŶ͸ԣ 
ӽ۹ɽ١Ƭˡšζڸ룬СɬɢȬ 
ȶθ̵Ҷʯθ飬˲ӱĸ۹ϳ壬 
ɢ͵ػ裬Աˮ̻֮Դ 
һˣԣвʹȣüζңɢأ֮࣬ŭ۶ǰ 
֢̫ʹ򣬽λѪ飬ͦԣǰɢػ裬 
 
ܸԷȣŻ̵ѣҹԼ룬ȲʣʳѪӿ 
Ż˥Ƣ麮ðζ輰Ӽ֮Ѫ 
һˣڹãȣʳζƢξˣ̵УùƢɽ١ 
ܺĸ۹֢ܺ顢۹ 
һˣԣ̵࣬ҹ䴭¡ν̵Ƣʳҹ䴭 
˷ϳ塣òšζ 
һˣʳŭűŻ£޽ɢŭ̵࣬ȳ㣬 
вʹְֹף֮΢ϸƢѪ飬Լζңɢء 
֢ܺˣʮȫ󲹶֢֮ͨǷ֮ӡ 
µӣûԣԻõƢ̻Դʹˮ 
ʱϴţ˷ưء֪ĸ̵֮࣬СƵĿ糣԰ 
顢ߡƤšζƤкļԲΡ ءɽΪ裬·֮ 
֢ˡӣΪţǰҩ糣֮಻² 
ԼŮƴҪ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ʮ֢ҩ
ԣ θƢѪ鷢ȣͷĿ壬겻£ͣвʹ 
ôƢѪľƢ飬ùƢˮԶ 
Ѫζ衣 
 ػƣǮ ҩǮ ܺһǮ֣ 
ˮ 
ζ ǰӰߡƤ 
ľ Ƣθʳٽ֫ͣǸʹ㲻ʵƣ 
Ʀ̵ᡣƢθ麮£ɰӣƢ£˹Ƣ 
ľƢθ£ľ㡢ҩŻ£ðζ衣 
˲  ߣǮ ʲݣˣһǮ 
Ͻ棬ˮ 
칦ɢ ξÿȲѣʳ档Ƣθʳ˼֢ǰ 
Ƥ 
 ľӼӰġƤƢθʳ˼ûűȣ 
ʳѻᣬڽ书١ 
ɰ ǰ㸽޽㡢ɰʡ 
˲ Ƣθʳ˼ȥ޶ȣŻ¸ʹʳѻ 
ű𣬾ò̵Ӹ 
麮ǰ֢뷿ʹ䣬򷸺ʳ 
˲  ɽڣ ʲݣˣ ȷ 
ÿ塢Ǯһˮ 
 Ƣθ麮䣬ʳ룬ʹŻкǰӸӵ 
֣ǰ 
 Ѫ񺮷ȣʣʱȣѣλ㴣㲻ʵС 
ܣʳ˼Сʹ֢ľϷ 
ʮȫ ӻ ֢ͬǰžǣԺȡȡ 
ȡȣڸʣʹѣͣвʹ긹䣬Σ 
ͷʱʹѣĿ延£ݲ䣬֫ʹ䣬 
١˽޸𣬵ҩ֢Ϥˡ 
˲ Ƣξ飬ȶ񺮣֫뵡ݣƶʳкѪ 
֢Ī״䲡ô䲡Ϥˡ 
ҩһǮ֣ ˲ Ƥ  ˣ    ʲݣˣһǮ ػ 
ζӣƣ ߣ߷ְ룩 Զ־֣ 
Ͻ棬ˮ 
鲹Ѫ Ѫ飬ȶ񺮣Ŀɫ飬ذޡ 
ѪҲ˲еڼߡ 
 ˣһ 飨Ǯƣ 
ˮ 
 
   ػ ػƣһǮ   ưأ֣ 
ˮ 
 һʧѪ񺮷ȣʷꡣѪѪѲ֮Ҳ 
˲Σ 
ʮöˮ 
Ƣ ˼ƢѪѪУ磬£Ƣʹ 
ʳ㲻֫ʹ¾״£˼Ƣű 
˲     ʣǮ Զ־һǮ ľ ʲݣˣ֣ 
飨һǮ 
Ͻ棬ˮ 
ζƢ ǰӲɽ١ 
Ӽζ ˮ㣬ףʣãʺʹ 
㲣޺ȣ𡣼ζһ 
ζ裨һػ裬һ衣 
㣬ʣСأ̵ԣͷĿѣΣ 
ʹ̣ԺѪѪʧˮΪ̵Ѫ鷢 
֢书ܾ 
ػƣƸࣩ ɽ ɽҩ ĵƤ  к 
ϸΪĩ͵ػƼۣͩӴÿߡʮ裬ʳǰ¡ 
ζ Ż˥Ƣθ麮ʳ˼㲻ʵ긹ʹҹ 
֢ζ𡢸Ӹһ 
෽¾ 

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<ƪ>һƢͷѣ̵֢
ԣŨի̵Сɬʹ󣬰֮ɬ̵Ҳ 
ζ裬¶پơ貹֮Ͽѧ֮  
֮ز輴ζҲ 
ģ̵Σ̵֮ʢ߸󣬰֮ޣΪҲ 
Դðζϣ 
ﶼܣŨŭɫڿ̵ͷĿѣΣȴӸ 
νòšζӼζ 
̬ͺʤۣʱʱѪĿ𣻻Ѫδ 
Ůˣ֢Ϥ״˾㣬̻Դ䲡Ȭʳۡ 
ʧˣ֢൱ǰ֣֢飬аϮ 
ȵθΪθΪ֮ʻưء֪ĸãָθҲ 
֢ 
㲻㣬к˺˷顢ʵε֮ 
ƽɣͷζ񺮣뵡ʳͶ󣬴Ƣò 
Ӷۣȶ񺮣Բ£ʳ԰òȬ 
ף֧ɽŭͷΣڽΣʱȣ˸λΣͷΣð 
Ӳɽ١ĵƤʮ 
ͩʯڣԻġ¶ȾΪãɳѶüͷ 
̵պ裬ΩĵҲ?Իö֢鲻ΪͷΣˮ 
Ϊ̵ѡר̵רʶӦ֮룬ͩʯ͹ȣ 
ǰ̵֢ԻҲ鲻Դ߲⡣ϧ! 
һӣŨζ̵ʢԻø֮ˣڶȡ뷨̵Ϊ 
޺ͣƢθߣ޲ܺ 
֣òΰ̵࣬ⲻͣͷͣѣã 
ʳڴζ輰ӸǮͣҩ֢࣬ 
𲻹ԴҲ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>Ѫ˵֢
ԣ֮ɫȱһˣ˸λѪΣˮѪţڷ 
̵ǡ½ת롣òζػƣ«裬Ԫ 
 
һӣŭ΢ף̵ʣСƵǡνˮ 
ζػƣвȴƶ񣬲ʴС 
ǰ 
һӣˣ࣬һüһˣ綹꽥ңϤλ 
ѪԪ 
˽ڷ򣬾ۡв߸һˣ㡷̵֮Իô˸εѪٶ 
Ҳִǰҩ¸˽ɬľˣز 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ƢС㲻Ǹ͵֢
ԣʪȣ㻬Сɬ֮ͣӵСȡϥף 
ʹ½Իõػơ裬Сʡ 
šζ 
֮Ǹͣʳ˼¡ʵ֮࣬С㲻㲻ʵ̵ 
õ֮䣬麮֢֮Ҳý裬¶ 
ͬزӡ飬ʳʣ˳ǸƦ̵ 
棻û̵ʳйкСͣ÷Сɬ̵ͣӿ̵ 
СɬкǸʹ󣬶ͻԣ΢ϸҴ̴ 
Ż˥Ƣ麮֮Σ֢ҲýѼӼϣ𡢸һǮ֡ 
ࣻԲͶ裬֢Ϥǰҩ֮࣬ 
ӿȪѨŭƣԣ㻯裬Ѫ֢Ϥ 
ԻôҲǲΣ⡣ 
һ̣ʳʧˣɽᣬ󳦵裬ظʳʣڸ룬 
̵¡֮࣬ǰ֢Сйкʳߡ֮ 
С㲻ͨ״ԣý衢 
һߣʧڵʳѻҩԴ٣̵ҩǸ 
ͣҩ˯Բܣ㸡ףС㲻㲻ʵ󣬰֮΢ϸ 
̡Ƣ𣬳òӽϦýӹ֢֬ 
԰ζ裬ܲģȴСζض 
һӣزƵ㣬̵ڸɣʳ̵̵֮ͣʢ̵ 
Ƣ֮Ǹͣ㲻ˮ֮вʹ˯ԲáѪ֮ 
ף󲻼ڴڡýѼӼ裬Ϧòǰ裬 
֢ˣʳðζ衢ת࣬¶ܲģȴ 
ٵְضʧ丹ͣǰҩ 
һӣǰ֢Ϊ׳٣֮Ѫࡣ֮Իôˣ 
Ѫ磬Ҳ⡣ 
һӣƦƣר֮ҩԻôѪ֮ҲѪƢǰҩƢ 
Ѫӡţ֮ҩѪԻôҲȻ 
Һ磬ȺӣɽϣӤ̵ȣ߶ԺżС࣬Ž 
ˣԪ˸ģף䣬ҹԣСˮ 
ȥƽΣ֮ף֮ޣ޻𣬷׳֮Դ 
ƢϷ֮پСˮȪշǰ裬֮ҩʮ 
ƽ׳ٴУǰ֢ǣ⾡ظ 
ʳգˣִжѡֳ֮Ͷ԰ζ˼ 
ˬϼӲΡ 顢δϦشν棬Ȼ˼ʳնȥ 
ӣúǰ裬¶ַϼӲΡ 顢 
ľ㣬ֹأòľ㡢ζ 
 
Էֺأ忰ɽޱ󣬱ѵ㣬Ԯȣδ 
Фʳ⣬ڹ֮ӡȻ֮ʱӣ̲Фȫ֮಻ȫ 
֮Ҳ˹Ҳ֮ңΪ֮Ф֮࣬ҽʼ֪ɽ 
ЧĩͶҩ֮ʥҩ֮һơѧٰ 
׽顣 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ġƢθʪ˵֢
ԣʳ뷿 
˾ͽ͡ףʱƵõ֮ãԥԻǲ 
ҩɢˡɽ٣îӣִֶЦԻҽ̹ 
Ҳܻдꡣ츶֮գŨ 
ӦУƣ񣬿ʹֲɽнѪΪʳһ 
Ѫ 
̫ɽܣ²Ѫõֵ 
һߣÿĿڸɷȣͷʹ̵ҩк꣬޸˼㴣 
飬ղ֮ʣԶĻΪԻעġòȥ飬ζ 
ڽһǰҩ֣֮գζȬ 
һߣ̵ö¡ˡɣƤʣ٣ӱĸ 
ǣʱȣΪƢ麮ðζԲĸԽ 
һӣ뷿ʳʹøͬߣţö¡ˡ 
֮ 
һӣʢȣرʹԺ÷֮ҩ㲻ʵ̵࣬ 
ʮȫ󲹣һˣòڽȬ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>塢ƢͷĿǵ֢
ԣĿ಻ɢҩη飬Ĺȣʳʧڣ 
Բʡɽҩɽζ۸ʮȫ󲹼ǰҩ 
ȴòǰҩȬ 
ԫơ磬пϣɢĿΪ 
ڶΪķߣʳʧڣƢθĻ̫ʢڣа϶ʧ 
ӡƢΪ֮ףĿΪѪ֮ڣƢ֮ΪʧƢθ 
ѪααҲ 
͡Ԫ֢֮ζػ裬ʳǰ 
֢Ѫлðɽ١лľɽ١ 
ŭʵСܺ顢ɽ٣飬òɽ١ǰ 
ߣãòõػ衣 
˾̨֮ʱŭ̵ŻʳȣвʹСɽ١ 
񡢳Ƥ 
бիŭ̫ʹСߡɽλ𣬸ζˮ 
ٷ 
һߣĿɬհӣԪݣòӲΡ Ȭ 
һӣ໼ǰ֢ưء֪ĸ֮࣬ӱѪƢ鲻ͳѪ鲻ܲѪҲò 
ζػƶ 
һߣĿʹ֮ҩĿ糣Ⱦʮȫ֢Ϥ 
ζۣĿɬ룬ʮȫ󲹶Ȭ 
һӣͼŭ縮ƣвʹɫŭ˸ΣζػϼӲ 
飬һ 
һߣɫȣͷвʹΪβǰҩٰ 
һӣױ飬ܰ࣬ӣòšɽٶ 
һӣʮȾɫĿʹֹߺ󣬰֮΢νôˣĿ 
ʧ;УգڽԾ졣ζػϼšζһ 
֢ŮƴҪ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ƢСɬ֢
ԣ˾ͽȣ̨ʱͷȣСţʱλͦԼƣǰ 
òɽҩưء֪ĸػ裬֢Ϥˡ 
֢Ƶ 
šζʲݡƣɽưء֪ĸζš 
٣òɽҩšͦԶƵõػ衣Ƚ׶ 
ɢƢﲻܻû飬 
衣飬Իɬζ衣תС㲻ͨ򴭼Ů 
ðζ裬򲻾ȡ˼ɫڰܣСɬܣð 
ζϼӳǰţϥ˾ѽ߶֮Сǣʹʹ㣬ʹ 
ǰҩӦӸӡ̵ףǴʹĿף̫ʹ 
ǰҩʹСɬüӼζԻ֮顤Ѫƪ 
η 
˾ͽ߻ȪСƵɬͶ̳࣬ڸ̵Իζ 
 
˾ɽʹСܣڸ̵˼ɫڰܣòζػƶ 
 
֣СƵ˰飬ԲСò 
ζػԲС٣岻ƢҲ 
˾պȪС̣ʳ٣ȱʹƢˮ̻Դò 
ζζ 
ͣظСڸʣ̵ճҴ 
ƢλڰףûƢΣζ裬̲ˮ 
һߣʱˮÿǲСɬʹǣʹ˾߸£ζ 
ζӼϲص֫ηϲʳðζ衣 
Ŀ㸡ףظС٣÷֮׼Ի 
㸡ףƢҲظƢƦҲС٣βҲƢ 
ҲòӸӶغʳ;룬ĿףС٣Էǰҩ 
 
£ҩ۹ʳʧڣŭ괺ʱ׽ 
ʱʹֹֽ˸Ƣ֮Ҳػ輰ӻưءɽ 
ߡľͨϾ£ۣСʹԷǰľͨ 
ݡкػ 
ٸβСɬȣ̲˲ţ˷ư 
֪ĸҩ߹ʹСסԻĸܣΪӡ 
⡣ 
׳ģں°ҰڣˣͬɬᣬҴԻô 
νˮϿǡɬʹܣʹ㣬ʹ⡣ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ߡƢ֢
ԣʿƲڣ̵ڸ룬òӦνô˽ˮ֢֮ػ 
󱳻һܣʹȣǰ³ӹң⣬ڽ 
֮գԡѶ۸䶾Ի񴯣ͬ֡Ի 
СҲ֢֢Ǵ൱ѪڵڣԵػϼ롣֮ 
˯ø֢ˡԺͷĿʹ̵ѣ֮࣬ǰҩ 
ܶηգشɡ 
˾պãȿڸɣ̵ͷΣưأʳ̵ʮȫ 
šζɽҩɽ 
һߣ㷢ȣŸʹζ輰šζ֮ 
ȶ񺮣ʷ꣬õ鲹Ѫ 
ʹΰˮϲ׳ʵԻôҲţһտ 
֮֫뵡ȶ񺮣ζػơ 
һӣʹʪ̵ҩʹ⣬̵ŸȡԻ 
̻Դţưء֪ĸ֮⡣ 
Ӻ꣬ʮĶȢʮŨʣͣΪѪý֫ 
뵡̵ָ࣬ζ輰šζȬ 
ƺʮʷȣ̵꣬ȶ࣬ɫ 
㣬ٶȻԻý꣬ҲǾҲ֢֮ŧ 
뵣ν֮ʣػ֢ζػơʮȫ󲹣Ѯ֢֢ߣ 
ǰҩֶȢޣ֢ĸ֮ޣ٣ػ 
ҩ 
ʮ壬ģഽݡԻӲӡî֮Ի 
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