<ƪ>ҽ䧼
ҽ䧼
ߣ  
  
ݣԪ1644-1911  

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ũٲ
ԣơũٲݡһʮ賢ÿڴˡδʼ̾ν顣 
顣ũ֮ʥҲ֮޼ʲ֮ߡ 
ˡ̲سʼ֪Ҳسʼ֪ν֪֮֮ʥҲ 
֪ 
֮ʥ֮䲻֪Ҳʹ֪дس֮Ǽ֪֮ 
ũڼ㱸֮ۻ֮ҩɳߡೢζ̿Գ֪ 
ԡоΡη񷴼֮ࡣԳ֪ɳ 
ɳɳߡȿ֪ɳߡ಻ش֪֮ӡν䲻Ҳν 
Ϥ಻ҲȻҩ²Ե֡ζֹ֮ߡҩΩζΪȹҲ 
ҩʯ֮ࡣΩΪȻԻٲݶա֮ж 
ɡӡжߡձʮʮżһն֮֮С 
Ҳ̲ɽ⡣֮Ҳӡܸ֮֮ܽν֮ 
Ԣԡš 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>򺦳
ԣھ΢ּۡڿ򺦡ơȻ̾Իա컯֮Ŧ̫ͷ 
֮ǰӼ֮ںʥ̡֮ӡȻѧвȻòδϤּ֮Ҳ 
죡ھԻԸŵ֮Ӧλ硣᪲Ի֮ҡ֮λҲ 
֮ҡһ֮һ֮һ֮һˮ 
֮һľ֮һ֮֮¡ˮ֮ˮλ֮¡ 
֮λ֮¡֮λ֮¡֮λ֮¡֮֮¡ 
֮ԻҲ᪲Ի򺦡ơ򻯡ʢ˥ҡ 
۷֮ؼҲ֮߾֮ǿ֮߼֮ĪʹȻ 
ԲܲȻҲǡߡ¡ǿǿ֮ 
ԼӡλȻҲҲǿҲĪʹȻԲܲȻҲ 
Ҳߡ컯֮ɳҲΩ䲻ɳĪԲ⡣ĪʲϢҲɳϢӡ 
򺦡ߡĪʹȻԲܲȻ죡̫ͺӼѷߡȲ׸δ 
Ϥּ֮ƶ֮֮ҡֹ֮ʮ䡣֮λҲ֮ 
¡ֹ֮ʮ䡣Ե֮ӦҲ򺦡ƶ䡣Ҳ 
򻯡ֹľ䡣֮֮ҲҲȻ档Իߡ 
֮Ϸ֮󡣹ԻСν֮Сз֮֮ɡ߹ҲߺҲ 
߿ʤ֮ҲȻҲ䲻֮ѡжȿʤƽ֮ 
 
˹ӡȻӭֹ֪֪֮֮вɱߡȻɱߡ 
֮СĪ֮ҲӼԻѿʤ֮Ҳߡ 
 
ʺƪΪΪࡣΪΪ֮ࡣΪΪߡҲ 
ΪΪߡҲˮΪѩƮ֮ࡣˮߡҲ䱢ѩ 
ƮߡҲȻߡ컯֮޿಻ɶǰƪ 
֮⡣Ȼ򺦡֮ȻҲΩȻ֮ 
ˡƽҲһ಻ƽʤƽ֮ƽǲ֮һ಻ƽ 
ʤƽ֮Ǽȿʤ֮Ļԡ䲻ˮĻ֮η಻ 
֮ѡһпʤ֮ӡȻ򻯡Ǵд֮ 
֮֮ߡ֮ͨ첢ľȡⲻ֪϶䡣ֹԿ 
 
ľ䡣˺֮֮Ҳ֮Լּ֮Ϥӡ 
ԡ˳˵ͨߡơڿ 
Ϊƽƽ仯ӡΪ֮ʢڻҲʢ˥ߡ 
ΡΪʢ˥ȻɼԻСҡߡԼȿΪ 
ܻ֮ӡܻ֮С伫ӡӡвߺ 
ָԡνҲԱ伫Ի󲡡컯֮ԡ 
ԡ֮ԪӪһ֫ٺϡ 
ԽΪơΪ֮󲡡аᡣɢ֫ٺϡ 
ٲ֮ҲԺΪԺԳΪϮΪ޶СΪж 
ԶΪһ⡣ԴΪ컯֮Ϣ߽ԷҲҷ֮Ҳп 
ߡơҺʯ֮Ϊ֮֮俺ߡ 
̸ƽߡաȻ컯֮ڼձԷ䳣 
ӡѧܱ̫֮ͺӼ䡣֮ۡ컯Ŧ֮ꡣӺȻŴηҪ 
ԻˮΪĸľΪӡ֮ʱڡˮҲˮľӡ 
ľ߼̶ˮҲˮȿӡľȨҲľȨ 
ˮҲߡ̳֮Ҳˮơȿ亮ҲΪʪȨҲ 
ΪĸΪӡ֮ʱڡҲȿʪӡʪߡ 
ĶлҲȿӡʪȨҲʪȨˮˮ 
Ҳˮߡ϶֮ҲˮơҲΪʪ˹ȨҲ 
˹Ҳ֮ꡣΥԶӡԻҪߡ˳֮ǵ֮ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣͨƪԻڷ硣аΪйΪűʪ 
 
ȡΪʡںز¡ӦƪԻڷ硣й 
 űʪԡںز¡עơڱ 
 
ӦڸΡƢʶййȸա๥Ϊ űʪ 
ʤˮˮʪá˥ʳ˷ζΪԡ䷢Ϊߡʪڹอ 
档ɢڽҲνҲΪ͡ 
С֡Ϊ²˺ʺƪ˾䡣޼עơ֮ʱС 
ڷ硣ͨڸΡԴܼ֮ĸ˥Ȼʼ 
ĩ򵱷֫ʢ粻ⷢʹڶΪй֮ʱʪ 
СʪʪڷΡʪܼ֮˥Ȼʪʼ 
Ҳ 
򵱷Ϊڹ̡ʪСΪԡ֮ʱ 
СΪڡ֮δܶΪȻ 
Ϊ ű֮ʱСںΪڡ֮δ 
ΪȻ󺮶Ϊ²ԻľʱΪΪ 
ΡΪ硣֮ʱΪΪ֮ۡ¡֮Ҳ֪ˮ̫ 
ӡˮ̫ϡʤ֮߳Ҳʤ֮߳ľӡľ 
顣ܲҲʤ֮ľ֮֡ΪйҲ 
Բߡľġġʪ֮ 
ҲڴߡԴʱˡľʵȨҲ 
ҲߡʪҲȨ֮ 
ʪ֮ҲʪСӡʤСľ̫Ҳܲ 
ν㡣ʤ֮ˮ֮֡Ҳ֮֡Ϊˮ 
ˮɡˮɡΪȡľռҲ 
ʪ֮֡Ϊȡν㡣ȡ˽δ֮ҲΪ ű 
ġߡʪ֮֡ȨҲ֮֮ҲΪ 
ʪˡǳ֮ҲʤСʻ϶˽Ļ 
ڷΡʷΪȡʤ֮ľСͬ¡ϢҲܲ 
ˮҲѿ֮ʢҲ֮ҲˮСƢʪ 
ΪȶƢ֮ʪԿѡڶߡ֮ 
 
ɱʼҲںߡǶдҲ¡ʤˮӡˮѿ 
ʤСҲܲľҲʤ֮ 
̫Ҳϵ¡ʪΪ²ڶڴ 
ߡ亮ˮî֮֡Ȩ֮ڴйء 
֮ˡй⡣ˮڡ֮¡ʱǿľ֮ԭΪ² 
ڷ硣ں˳ʱҲʪ˵ 
ʱ߲֡Ҳ˵ĸ֮Ҳ˵ʪ֡ 
ͨ뷨ͨӡ뷨ͨؾҲνڷ硣Ϊ 
ˡҲǡֹͷʹ硣ԺΪйաԴڷ硣 
ʱҲӡްע͡Բþּߡ̫ҲԻ 
ǡԶסѡ֮ν죡ֻƽ˵ 
ȥּ޴֮ӡ֮ʪߡ֮Ҳ 
ˡδ֮ǰԤ֪ںξ硣อβ֡ɺβ 
Ȼʼ֪ĳ硣ĳอĳ֡ĳעߡ 
ʼ֪ԭ֮ڴˡӭжӡйҲ űҲҲ 
²Ҳ䷢֮ʱš֪֮²֮ԭΪ˷硣 
ʪ˺ǳ֮ʱԤձΪ˲Ҳҷеʱ 
йʱߡоö󷢲ߡйʱ֮ɢɲߡաа֮ 
ɢ֮ʵȹҲ˷֮䵱ʱΪ硣ȡͷۡ 
ԺԡٵȲʱöΪݷ硣ССƫݡ֮Ȳ 
ййߡ˹ʱ֮֮һйй֪֮֮ 
Ϊ˷硣ɢ´Ҳйй֮δ֪˷ǰ 
ںаʱ֮ɢɲߡ֪̫Ԥ֪֮ 
ڡȻ֮šʼ֪Ϊ ű˺Ϊ²ˡʪ 
ΪԡΪʡ֪ԭͬ 
ʱ졣֮硣֮֮Ǳʱ֮Ҳʪ˳֮ 
֮ǴĶÿһʱ¡䱾ʱҲġ 
֮һ¶¡Ȼ֮ʪÿֹСԻʪ(Ϊ 
 
Ȼ֮ǰڳġ䲻Ϊʪʤ̫ͬڻ𻯡ƽֲˡ 
˾ֹԷʪҲԻƪ֮Ϊ 
աԻƪƪ顣ڶ֮֡ɻ 
ԡΪƪ֮СԪҲ֮塣ʱּ 
һ⿴)֮塣ߡ֮Ҳ֮żġа 
ɢΪΪйߡغƵ֮衣ٲ㡣дˡ 
θְܴ֮ݴڱ𡣶䳣ˮȲֱ𡣶 ¡йҲΪ 
й塣(˵ν˷ΪͨΡййΪľνڴΪа 
 
ľΪľ˥аνͨΡľ֮ʱľʢ˥ӡ˳ 
ڴ˷ʱҲĻ˾Ȩĸӡιʲ˥֮ʱ 
֮ʱ˵ͨƾݡ)ߡ֮Ҳĸ֮ż 
 
ڷ뺮Ϊ űҲߡ֮Ҳ֮ż֮ 
ʼΪа˳佥֮ԡȻӦʱʷΪ²Ҳʪ 
ʱ֮塣֮ӡǰƪνȡΪʡԹʱǵʱ 
߲ԡ 
ΪߺȻġ಻ұͬƪȻΪҲȻʪ֮ 
ֹʹڹʱӡ˵ֻ﷢Ϊۡʪܡʸ 
Ϊȡν֮档Ϊ֮вˡʪ;硣֫ 
ҲƪνԡԹʱǰƪ֮ĲͬӡʪÿͲɢ 
Сζ񺮡ˡʪԳڷΡΪҲߡ 
Դּ֮ź߼ڲ űȡԱ֮Ϊһ֮ 
Ի˱Ȼ֮ൺɱҮɱҮ֮ԱءԱߡǲɽ 
ΪһҲ(ڱ֮һ֡ν˺صòڴ䶬˺ߡ 
öۡߡɲν֮ĩ) 
ÿƺһ֮ۡȴΪһߡԻʡ뷿 
ߡԸҲз硣Ϊ׷硣֮ࡣһһȻաߡ 
ִҲ֮עδڱ֡δþּȻȴ̫ԶҲ޼֮˵ 
̫ԶӡȻδҲۡˡⲻ֪׺ 
 
㣾ּвʤߡνԶӡ޼ 
֮˵һ޼νĩ򵱷֫򵱷Ϊ 
ν򵱶֡Ȼ֮Ҳ˷֮ʢⷢʹΪй˻ 
ͨ 
ӡԻľʱȷ粻ڴʱ֮ʢⷢڹ 
ͬɢԽ֮ƶв֮ҷ 
䡣ΪһΪ֮֫ν֮塣䲻ͨˡ 
Ϊ űߡƤ֮ڡθ֮⡣з硣ʼűۿɼ 
ڡա˺Ϊ²ߡ򺮶˼ 
 
֮֮ⷢ಻ܲʲҲ(ν 
ʱкʱиж󷢡νֹ²֮ж߶䲻ߡ 
಻ΪٸСҲپԻ̫ȶʡߡΪ²)˺ۿ 
 
붬ڡءԴ˷硣 
ΪʱʪΪʱڴ˷硣νжΪۡν 
ߡġߡʪȨӡʪСʪνΪʪˡ 
ǳ֮ڶ˺νдʤˮ֮ڴй 
ˮڿ߲ν²Ϊʪɡνʱˡĸ֮ӡ 
֧ͽѴ˺˷硣֮ࡣܷΪ塣δ 
ʱʱ֮Ҳ纣ԡűνڷ硣ڷ 
ںʱ죡ʱ죡֪䲻ܲڴҲΪ벻֪ 
֮ΪġΪʪòա򶬹ддˡɶ²ӡ 
Ϊ²ν֮ڴ²ʹ 
֮ڴ²ߡ첻֮Ϊ²ߡȱȽǡδ 
ɴ󺮡ڴҲԻ򺦡ơνѿʤ 
𿺼ˮ֮ν֮¡ˮ֮ˮλ֮¡֮֮ࡣ 
ʤΪСԿΪĸΪӡʤھ죡δ죡Ϊʤ 
Ϊʤ뾭νࡣʤʤ֮ʤʤ 
ּ֮ȫӡʱʱ֮˵ί˵ߡ̲ϾҲغǺóǰ 
֮ǡΪк塣ʴּˡʲ˳ٺٶȻ ֮ 
֪䲻ôӡδ֪ߡΪ硣 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>پ˺
ԣپ֮顣֮⡣֮⡣֪Ϊ 
ĪܼӡĪӡ֮⡣ӡδͨ˶Ҳغ 
ߡơȻ֮⡣δб¶ʾߡ֮ 
֮죡ѭϰ죡֮δ֮죡䲻 ֮ںм 
ɡвɡߡ֮ʱߡʱڴҲν֮ 
˺ν֮˺⡣֮ԭҲԭ֮ 
һ˺Ϊơ֮⡣ʩβ졣ƶΡ˺ݻˡ 
Թپ֮ί̫Ҳʹپ֮ݻںˡ˺۲Ҳ 
ʹپ֮ݻںˡ˺һȱ˲Ѽ֮δ 
֮͡ν羮Թ档ʧԹӡپ֮Ҳ 
ĪԽضȡĪԽ֮䷨䷽ί̫աȻԴѵ֮ʿ 
ʧڴˡµµߡڽӡΩԴѵ֮ʿκ֮䡣µµߵ 
Ԥ֮ࡣòȻȿö ֮غ䷨䷽ί̫֪ 
Ω 
 ֮޼پ֮֮ԲܱӡغҲҲپ 
רΪ֮˺衣Ϊ֮Ҳ֪پ֮顣Ϊ衣Ϊ 
衣к䷨ɢ治ࡣĪֹ֮䡣ɵ֮ 
֪ί̫롣ߡɺ֮ܵҲ˺ 
಻öپ֮Ҳٽ衣շ֮⡣ 
º֮ȨҲʿɽΪáȻؿɽѡӲ 
֮ 
ΡĪɽҲ˺ηɽν䷨ͨΪ˺衣˷ʶ 
ԭ죡š֤֮پ֮顣֤֤ʲ֮߰ˡ˲ 
֮һȶɶΪա֤ζ֮Ȼ֪֮ 
ν֤ӲΪСֻν֤֮ɺҩζ¡ 
ԷҲ֮ߡƽɺµƪѡƪط 
ҲŻȴ첢ͬߡ฽֮ 
ҩΡɱ֤Ω̫Ϊࡣʹ֤кҩζ亮ߡȻ 
Ӧ֮ںΩپͨΪ˺衣¼ɡáֻ 
֦֮áν֮ͬȻδپ顣Ϊ֮˺Ҳ΢ 
ּһ顣ִ˺֮ۡ˺Լ᱾ĩȫܿ 
顣ǰơŻ档ʹм֤Ϊ 
 
νپ֤֤ͬͬзΡپ֤ 
Ƕʱ֮˺д֤پ֤ڴ֮  
Ȼδپּʵ֮ʡΪҲˡ֮ 
ơŻ档֤Сҩ䡣 
ں֮Ҳ͵ԻȻδΪ֮ʡʡ֪޺ 
֤ӡ֮پ顣֮Ȼ֤֮Ŀࡣʹ类ȡʺʹ 
֤֮֮಻ʲݵ׶ѡô´֮ 
ҩ֪پνߡ֮ǸضԻ 
֮ߡΪ֤֮ΪپĿࡣʹ类ȡʺʹ 
֮ȴøɢɢҩΡν֤֮ΪȻ 
پ֮⡣ۺپ㡣ɻۡ 
ֻСҩ䡣ںɶ 
ضҲ顣ԡپ˺۶з˺ 
Ϊ֤ߡҲʶʶ֮ϧ಻֪پרΪСÿ 
ÿ˺ۡ𡣿˺Ϊȫ顣콫δ֤뼴 
֤ǣΪһ˵ν˺֤¡֤¡ʶ֮ 
δӡ֤֮ߡΪаθ֤˺а 
º²̲֮ҲԷ˵Сºɺߡӡʷ 
޼˺עۡϤšνپߡȻ֮ 
ֲ֤ʶּ֮Ī֪ҲΩĪ֪ 
ֹ֤ĽѡδɲΪȡΪҲ˺ 
ۡż֮˺ɢ֮Ϊз˺֮ʧ಻ 
֦֮ҲȻڴˡپ֦֮ù֦ 
֮ʱӡԭʽԻƹ֦֮ҩӺҩȻ 
ơ߳ӡ(˵ӰӶ֮)ⲻ֪پ֦ 
֮ʱҲ֦֮ȺɱӡҲ 
֮ڱҲΪȡʷ֮ҩܿйȡ֮ 
Ҳڷа˱䷴ܱաȻаȿͱ֮ˡ 
ͨ෢Ҳ֮ҩааȥӡ˹֦֮Ҳ 
ԲӺҩߡɷ纮ڱֵ֮ʱܹҲ˲֪پ֮ 
⡣лƹ֦֮ȡзڴ֮˾áӺҩ֮ۡ 
ҩƹ֦֮С˲Ȼ˶پΪزˡ 
зϧʹж֪֮پ˺ۡרΪ˺֪ 
ƹ֦֮ʡ֤֮⡣ֱ̫ȡ֤ 
šΪҩ¶ӡ˴ж񺮴˺֤֮Ǵı 
纮֮²Ƕʱ˹ʱߡȻڷ纮з纮 
֮ȡ췢ΪҲپԻ̫ȶʡߡΪ²۴ 
֪²񺮡ʡ񺮶ߡ²ӡپ䲻Ȼ 
ͬһʱ²䲻񺮶ʡҲж񺮱֤ 
֦ƶáڷԶ֮ҲɢΪˡ 
֮ϲꡣ߻ơѪ֮䡣޹Ҳй֦ڴĶ 
Чʷɢ֮żһϲΪ֮԰ܶɢ 
ͨɢٽɢ֮ࡣʱз˺һʩ֮֮֮ 
ƹ֦ڴġ±ߡȻܶɢڴġֹαз纮֤֮ 
 
ѡ䶬ʱ˹ʱ֮²Ҳͽ෴֮ӡݻЧ 
 
żȻ˶ʱ˺ЧߡżȻҲҩβЧ֮Ҫ 
䵱ȻżȻ䵱ȻżȻ΢֮ءвߺΩżȻΪȻ 
ѭסĪ֮򡣶߲ӡپÿҩɲ֮롣 
֮ʱбۡȲپߡ֤ΪӲ֮޸پ 
֮ʡԽȾʾ˺֮һԺΪ 
 
֮Ϥԡʹ֮ѧˡپ顣ɡվɡ 
Ϊ֮档Ī⡣Ϊľߡ֮߸󡣶ν䷨ڽ 
Ҷ֮ΡˮҶ𡣹֮ҩڽ֮ʱҲ档˹ 
ҲȻҮҮپΪ跨֦á֮ 
ԲӡνپΪ衣ʱмűµȲͨ˺ 
֮˺Ի֮˺졣ΪβͬԻ¼ 
ʱкűµȡپرη񲻼ߡ֮Ҳ 
νΪβͬνű¡¶ߡ֤֮˵䷨ 
˺ͨҲνںΪߡԳԱҲپν 
Ȼ򺮶һߡҲپԹ֮δԡйڹߡƫ 
ɺѲپ֮ɢԳ顣ĪӡϧԼ֮˵پ 
 
֮СӲ硲ھסʹʯ֡ҡȱپ֮ԡθ 
˵»ںˡپӡױʰбϼػ֮ࡣԴ 
ע֮ߡν书ȡδں֮죡ೢ顣˺ 
ǰ֮ಡִִ֮֮졣ην󡣲⡣δ 
ȡִ֮Ӳ˺ߡԸɡ 
ߡɾȥˡȴһʯз֡ͲӡȻ־δϾ 
ˡٹա 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>˺²Ȳ˵
ԣвввΡΡ߾㵱ʼӡһδ 
Իˡδ֮Ҳ 
˺Բ򡣶ΪҲ²Ȳʱ벡ΡΪҲ߽ 
ڸкͨ˺֮ͨ˺ߡԭ֮ͬҩ򲻿һʩҲ 
Ҳ˺Ǹ˪󡣴ǰȻȡڴҲ˺ 
֮ʱаڱʷ֮ɢ֮پ֦Ƶ 
֮ԱҲ²Ȳ֮ʱڶ⡣޺ڱ 
ʷຮ֮Խ֮پ֦Ƶ֮Բá 
ˮɢǧͨʥɢ֮ࡣ֮ԿҲ򼴲 
֮˺ж֤֮ߡ纮ڱ˹Ҳ֮²Ȳж 
֮ 
֤ߡз纮С˹Ҳ֮纮޶֤֮پԻ 
̫ȡʡߡΪ²²ˡ֪Ȳˡ򲻿ʶ 
ȲӡȻвз纮֤֮ߡǲ顣ȴڱ 
˱ʲ纮˷硣˺Ҳ硣񺮶 
 
Ȳȼ֤ߡڴ⡣й츴 
ɿɹ֤֮˺ӱʼҲ߲ڴ²Ȳ󸡽֮ 
ⲻ֪Ϊка֮޺а򲻼Ҳ²Ȳߡ 
ظв֮˹֮ʳҲ䱾Ȼաֻ߲ʶΡұΪ 
ΪΡ֮ʢߡÿÿҡɴΪΪ²Ȳ֮ 
ڼַ֮֡ʢߡڹҲʢ 
ߡظ֮纮²ȲǱз纮֮²ȲظС 
֤ﲡΪࡣвߡ˹ʱҲΪ֮ 
ԽߡÿȲ޴󺦡䲻ԡ 
֮ڴӡ´ߡ˴ı֤֮аڱ 
δҲ²ȲͬۡΩ²Ȳ˺ÿִ֡ 
֮֮ҩߡʵ֮ɲ鷽ʱ 
˺Դ֮²Ȳﶬ֮˺һ֮𡣷ﶬ֮˺˺ 
Ҳ֮˺Ҳ²ȲͿͬΡ˱֮һӡ 
顣޾ȱ֮ۡÿÿͬʹաȻ˺²Ȳ乥֮ 
Ժȡ̲졣䷢֮ϲɲҲ˺ֱ̫֮ˡ 
ȼΪ֤ߡ²Ȳͬκ֪һ֪ 
 
νپҩ񲻿á֮ҩ˿áغò֮ 
ܱΡηвߺʱв֮ظ 
ߡֵʱ˺Ȳ֮֮Ȳپ 
ҩͨҲ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>˺򺮻ȱ
ԣپ˺̫ۡԻߡ̫кҲ֮˷ 
档Ի֮һաк͡䱳ߡ֮֮ 
ʹ㺮ǽʹߡ֮֮ͨ 
΢ߡֹͨŻߡ֭֮ͨ 
ȡﺮȡ档΢񺮡ɫʹŻ 
ʹֹߡ֮ͨߡ֮Ի 
ʺϸߡ֮󺹡ߡ֮پ 
ۡ˺к֤֮Ҳ֮顣Ի˺аڱ 
ΪаಡΪνк֤˾ӡӡǺ 
֮νҲֹΪӲĪΪ컯Һ֮ߡ֮֮ 
Ҳ 
پ֤α͡Ժҩ̫֮硣ֹ 
ﺮֹ͡Ҳپ֤г֮ߡ 
 
˺ֱȲԺҲ֤ߡаȡࡣΪ 
Ҳ˺ȲжƪԻȡ޺ʲƪ 
 
֮֮ΪȲϷǺҲۡ˺ڱ 
 
һΪȡ޻ӡ˵ͬǷ֮СһӴߡǱ˴˷ڵ 
塣òܵáƣġߡν˺졣岻ǧ 
δΪѧʽҲաν޼֮עߡ 
֮ȻֹĶ֮ԺΪȡΪ֮ʡ˷䲻Ҳ 
ֹ֪˺ǴΪ֤ޱ亮֮첻ұ׶ 
Ϊ֮죡õа֮ʱߡҩܲ 
֮аԺΪа֮죡ԳӡдΪա 
ǱĺˡȻӡپ˺һ֮ڡ֮ͬ 
ˡԨľɽӡ˺˲ܾǶ֮ʡʻν˺ 
ֻΪ֮ˡߡν˺ҩϤΪа 
ߡҲ̫ߡԻзк֡Եֿغĩ 
֮סһ˺ǳľԺӾ֮һȻߡȻδұ䵱Ҳ 
֮Դе֮֮亮а̫֮Ҳȡ 
֮ ΪаӡƷ亮ͨйʺ 
⡣Ȳй롣ʴ븭Ҳ֮ 
򺮻ߡաǺа֮Ҳ̫ȡȻԴζߡ̫ 
㴫ߡкаʼֱߡ̫ 
ʼȡ֤ߡʼ̫̫ 
ߡֱ˼롣ȡʼߡȴȡΪ֤ 
ֱ̫Ϊ֤̫ˡ֤̫ 
ʼΪձȡȼ֤֤֮Ի򺮻Ҳ 
ƪչת֮˹ӡ򴫾ֱˡ롣Ⱥ 
ߡҲа䡣޶顣䲻ʶʾԻа֮Ҳг 
ߡ֮ʿҲΪ˵ԺաΪ˺ 
پ֮ÿԡԺ֮ú˺һΪȶ޺ 
 
νپΪҩ¡֤֮Ϊﺮ֤֮νֹ 
νֹΪӲൺپ˺ۡרΪж֮˺Ϊ 
֮ÿ֤֮֮֮ҲԲʱ֮Ҳ 
ˡ˲֪⡣Զ˵䡣֪⡣Ҷţпӡ 
纮ҩ¡ﺮߡ̲Ϊӡҩ¡Ϊﺮߡν֮ 
ⲻ֪֮ÿ֤ߡɺаֱڴˡ̫ʼ 
 
ȡڴ˶Ҳҩ¶ߡ١پ֮γÿ 
Ϊҩ¶ﺮ֤֮γÿм֮ĺﺮ֤֮Ǻа 
ڡ⡣֮֮״аΪҲپﺮ 
֤֮ҩﺮȡ֪Ϊ֮ 
ӡ֮֮Ӳ 
ι˺ۡԻ˺ƪ֮ϡֺιÿ˺ֹ֮ 
ھһΪߡ䳣ҲپߡҲ 
ж㣶ν˺޺֤÷֪֪죡Ȼ֮ؾַȼ 
ߡ˷ÿȫɺ֤رƫδǡѧ֪каΪ֤֮ 
پ֮⡣ȻĿ֮䡣Ϊ˵ӡԻ˺֮ش 
ȡνֱΪ֤ξݺԻݷپپ 
ԻȶߡҲȶߡҲߡߡ 
ν֮ȶ񺮡֪֮ӡν֪֮䲻ӡ 
ν֪֮䲻ʼֹ̫֮աΪʼ֮ӡپԻ˺һ 
աߡطȡ˺աայʡߡ 
˺աȷաա䲡Ϊ˺δΪȡΪߡɴ 
֮а´˺˶ʼòʱ֤޻ߡֱ 
Ҳܾپ֮ġִںΪ֮ΪΡ䲻ز 
ߡϣӡ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ʢʢ
ԣѾԻ˺ʢ֮ʢ顣֮ൺ 
֮а֮Ҳǳɡǳӱӱ 
ȡ񺮡硣ͷʹ֤˹ʱҲΩ½ɢΪʺ 
οԡʵ֤˹ʱҲΩ̺¶ƽа͡ʢ 
 
аڳ㡣ʢһơҲν֮˺ 
Ȼ죡ϧ̨ҪԻָ֮ԡΪ顣 
Ϊʢ͡ʢҲﲡʢҲ֮ˡ 
ƫ򲡡޹֮ν벻֮νƫʢӡ򲻼ӡʢΪͺ 
ھơаʢʵ顣ν鵱鵱¡аָΪ 
޻޺˺΢ּԻָ֮ߴԡʵ󡣴Сʢ顣ɺ 
ʵ󡣳Сʢ顣¡֤ѾߡδӦشڴ 
С֤ѾߡδӦشڳ߶áԽѡԲ 
ҲηԲԺҲȺ֤֮ѼԻӦδӦ 
ġ֮䡣֮䡣Ӳ죡죡᲻ 
ҲڵԻپ˺ˡԹ֦ʡʢСìθʢ֮ 
֦ҩҩΪǹȻӡȻҩҲ䲻֮죡 
ʢΪааҲ񷴾ٹֺ֦죡Իβζپ֮ԺԻ 
˺֮ӷ纮֮ԻΪ硣Ϊֹ֦Ի 
񺮡硣Ի硣纮ԡ繶 
 
֮ʱν֮纮ʹ֦ƽ¼Ҳ¼ΪΡԼ纮 
֮Ϊаӡ֦ơ⡣ΪһپԡԽ 
֮ΪΪҲٹ֦ӡνʢߡԱ֤Ѱա 
֤ȫɹɺνʢߡ֤δΡ֤ߡɺɹ 
ǹ֮Խپּ֮Ȼӡ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>˺پʮ߷
ԣͯʱϰŴԡΪ˺η֮ұҲ֮޼עνپ 
ʮ߷ߡãȻ֪ڡѯҽ಻д˾ѡʵ 
δˡ˷Ѱ֮з֮򲻼з 
޷֮ͨ 
ƽ 
˺ɺɺ¡¡¡ƪ⡣ֹƪС 
з޷֮಻ƪ ʪ ͸ƪ 
Сз޷֮ ʪ ͸ 
ƪз̫֮ӡܾԴ˾䡣Ϊ޾֮Զӡ 
ݡپͶҷϡŶشֶ֮෽ϡĪ֮졣 
ڵУ˺ۡԻУپ˺ʮܶʮƪ֤پʮ߷ 
Ǿʮʮƪ֮ƪƪ͸ƪСз 
Ϊơڸƪ֮ǰνѰؼ벻ɷΡΪƪ 
Ϊơ͸ƪ̫֮ϱࡣעԻһʮ̫ƪע 
Իʮ̫±ࡣעԻʮŷƪעԻʮķƪԷ̫ 
 
ƪעԻƪעԻʮƪעԻɷƪעԻһ 
ɷƪעԻʮһƪעԻʮ巨ƪעԻ 
 
±ࡣעԻķ±ࡣעԻʮķºƪעԻʮ˷ע֮ 
ٰ֮ͨʮ߷ȻƪСһ䲻ߡ֮Ҳֿƪ 
ȴ巨ֹԶߡҲķپʮ߷֮Сپʮ 
һ֮֮˵Ƿ˲֮ɺµƪ⡣˺ֶ 
ɾĿɴ̡ˮɻ𡣲ɴ̡ɾġˮɻƪԴ˲Ƿ 
ࡣáԪHT ̵ի˺ԷԻܾǱࡣ֪ 
پʮ߷ָӡԻһʮһ͸ 
ʪ ŷɺʮ˺ʮһ巨巨ɺ巨 
巨˵֮ͨȴֹһʮ˷پʮ߷СǷʮ˷ 
ˡˡ֪δȻԵʵҲϸС 
ֹ ʪ ͸ѡ˿ɺɺٲҲ 
 
˺ߡβһֺš׺ȥ˵֮ 
ġʳ㡣Գ֮һȻʼ֮ͨ 
پ֮˵ӡ˺پ֮ҲʱѶɢ䡣Ѳ 
顣ղܸɡȻ֮ߡȫҲӡ֮ߡ˲ˡȫ 
֮ΪΪ֮Իĳ֤ĳ֤ν˺ηӡⲻ֪ 
޷ࡣǰƪھ֤̫֤Ϊƪ⡣ƪ 
Ŀۡƪвʹ̫ƪɸɡƪߡǽԱҲ 
֮֮ȻΪ߽ɪ֪֮ءĪ֪֮Ҳ 
ͼ׫ ֮ࡣظƪΡ벻ɷߡ˻ 
ҡʾ֮Լѡ˸⡣첻벻ءһ֮ͨĿ 
βذƪ֮С䷽ߡֹһʮΪƪ֮ޡһʮ 
ƪߡһ̵֮իȥȡ졣ȻʮЦ 
ٲ䲻󡣲ººΪӡ˺ʮһȴ־һ 
ߡƺաԭ⡣಻ϸֹپʮ߷֮ 
ĿԾСѰ֮ʵȻ䲻ʵΪ˺֮˵ۺˡ 
ֲҲԳ˼֮ʹپʮ߷֮ԡڵȡ֮ǰ 
಻áԼȳ֮ߡصǷǡԹӡΪǧز 
֮ۡپʮ߷ڡȥظߡ޷ߡֹзΡ 
 
߼֮öʮ׷֡ԻʮΡͨҲ 
Էԡپһ޷ǷҲзȻΪա֤׻׻̽䡣 
ʹ˰֮Ϊ֮׼ߡν֮䲻ν֮Ȼ֮ 
ȥȡ̲ͬر档Ȼ֮Сÿͨߡóһ̫ 
աѷ¡¡롣ԲߡΪ֦Ҳ֤ 
֪档֤֦֮Ϊ⼡ȡߡ֮Ҳʶ 
ˡҲƿͲ֦֮ŻԾƿͲϲʹҲ֦ 
ŨӼѡ֦ߡŧѪҲУֹ̫Ҳ 
ΪһƿͲֹӼѡΪһԷֹ֦ŧѪҲΪ֤Ϊ 
̵իԷֹ̫֤֮ΪһԹ֦Ϊ⼡ֹŧѪҲΪһ 
 
ڱڲвƦԡʹٸߡᡣһΪ 
һߡԲ̵իԷѪߡΪѪҡ 
ͷߡšʵк֮ Ȼһ̸̫ᡣᡣ 
šȴ֮šͬࡣһƵ޷һƵзȡ 
 
ߡ޷ߡ統ȡȡȡȡߡࡣϤ١ߡ 
ͨҽ⡣νʧӡδΪҲ֮Խԡ 
©ӡ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>˺ʱ
ԣ޼ע˺ۡơߡ֫ҲߡҲ˺а 
ȡ̫¡аȽ֫¡ 
档Ի档˻ȡ¡С㲻ʹй 
ߡɢ֮òʵҩʲݡ߽Ժ֮ר֪֮ 
麮֤֮ҲǡԻߡ¡Ҳ˹ 
Ҳνֽ죡Գ֮پ߷һԻ档Իʡ 
Ի档Ի䡣ԻʺԻ䡣 
Ի档Ի䡣Ի䡣ϸ塣Ժ֡ 
ÿÿԡδΪ¡ΪҲȻ֫ȴ 
ּ֮֡ߡָͨҲּ 
֮ϡߡǶָҲԻ¡Ϊӡкپν 
ߡ¡档Ϊ֫ͨ䡣Ϊ䡣ϲν 
ʡв֮ҲԻҲ֡漴ʡ 
ҲԻҲȻΪ䡣ȴ֮ɡȼ 
ߡҲߡҲúҩ 
ҩپɢҩһ֮Ҳҩ֮ 
֪Ǳжʧ֮֮֮֫Ҳ䡣 
֮Ϊ֫¡Ϊ䡣ιʲ֮ҩΪ 
ɢ¡νΪаΪۡν麮֤֮ӡ 
֤¡ȴνΪߵò˵֪֮к 
ȡ̲ν档רΪаҲ֫ͨ䡣֮䡣мپԻ 
귳ߡԻ档񺮶顣 
ߡԻ䡣ߡ֮ߡΪ 
һΪΡ֤ͨȻȻԡԡɼ 
 
֮ǳӡ֫ͨ䡣䲡Ϊء䡣䲡Ϊᡣ举С 
֪֮ν档а֪֮ߡڶָԡָ 
ԡʹΪ֮˵Ȼͨӡ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>Ż¸Żܿ
ԣ޼˺ۡԻŻߡҲν֮ ߡ³ҲиŻ 
޸¡ŻԻʳŻ¡Իʳڼ¡Ż֮ؿ֪ 
Իߡν֮Ҳ֮Ǽپ˺ۡԿǷǡԶ˵ 
˺ԻŻԻ¡ԻŻԻࡣԻߡֹҲ۶֮ 
ŻߡԫνҲߡԫνҲŻܡ 
Ҳԫܸ֮޸Ż֮ۡŻܡߡա΢ 
پڸŻƽ֮ܡԻ̫з硣١󡣾 
ܡԻз硣ʺߡΡԻ¡֮顣 
 
ܡƽߡȻ֮ԸŻͥӡ˼֮Żܡԫ 
ΪһپΪΪһ֮֮̽ҲΪ֮Ż֮΢ 
˸Ż֮ŻߡС̡ߡش΢֮֡ 
һ֤ҲŻΪŻޱΪ档ߡδܴ֮Ҳ 
پΪŻΪ¡ΪŻΩŻ 
ߡν֮ɡ̿Ҳ¡Ǳӡν֮ɺپŻ 
ϼһ֡ԱŻΪ߶ŻΪͬŻòʧ 
پ֮죡پԻŻӸŧߡŻŧν֮Żŧ 
ŻΪԻŻʳŻʳŻ̰ˮ߱Ż֮ࡣ಻ŻΪ 
ӡͨһ֤иŻ֮ġļӼ 
 
ԻŻ߼پŻΪ򲻵Ż֮ӡԻŻԻ 
 
Ż֮ҲڪҲաپŻӡӡδŻ 
Ҳ֮Ϊ塣δԤ֮Ҳ򽫳δԤߡΩ֮ 
Ȼ֮ȻҲ֮֮䡣δǰ֪֮ 
ǰ֪佫شȳ֪ҲŻ¡֮ԡʿν֮ 
Żܡ֮ԡʲν֮ʳŻʳڼ¶䡣νŻ 
ءŻΪᡣԼΪء֪ߡΪ 
衣ΪҲ˵ŻʳŻ¡֮ 
پν֮ һ֤Ż ܡͬҲ֤֮Ż 
 
ȻŻ½֮ŻŻ֮Ż¡Ȼء 
ɶҲŻ¸Żܶϡ֮Ϊءط֮ӡ̫Իľߡ 
Ҷ䡣ߡܡΡضߡȻܡҲ 
ղӡҷ档Գ֮߯Ȼ֡˺סƽС 
 
ƪ¿ɷƪСҲƪ¿ɷ 
ƪܶ޿档νܼ档Իߡ֮˹Ҳ˳ǰ 
޼ں֮ӡҪԻƴ 
ŻŻܲܡСȻߡ֮Żܡߡ 
Ƥ 
֮ߡƤ֮۴پν浫ָŻͬԡγָ 
Ժ治֮ͬŷֹ䷢ֹʮߡȻ̴ٲ 
֮ȻԻ档ŻԳ֮Ƕ񳤶 
ֱֹŻ֮Ի档߽֮϶ʾ 
֮浱档а˺ߡԱƽ֮档 
Ϊ߯Ȼ֪䲻Ϊȶ֮ʽ񲻸ҶΪ߯ҲҪԻ 
΢ΪӸʱʱǡߡ֮ȶ 
ˮ֮ߡǿȶ֮Կ档רΪ߯ 
˺ұг߯ƪ¿ɷƪȴߡɢ֮ 
߯Ϊƪ¿ɷƪԡܡΪ֮߯档಻ܡΪ 
ȶ֮ҲԻҪν档ǳ߯κγ߯ߡƤ 
ԻƤ֮Ҳɢлк͡в߯䲻ͬ 
Ϊа֮һɶȻ߯һҩͬΡɣ 
һͬӡ򲻿ɡ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>з
ԣ䱩͡ƫݡ֫١֪ˡߡз֮ 
з֮ೢھԻߡٲ֮ʼҲԻߡٲ֮Ҳ 
Ϊ޳Իߡж䡣Ի֮ҲΪȡΪС 
ΪСΪݷ硣ΪƫݡΪҲ䱩֪͡ˡ֫ߡ 
ֹƫһѡǧ𷽡᪲ԻзġһԻƫݡԻ 
ԻܲԻԡ֮ߡԻƫߡ档ߡʹ֫աܲ 
ٺ֪ˡߡ״ҪзƪԻΪ 
Ϊ 
顣ಫаƤѪ顣顣акҡа 
а Ƨ졣а硣ʡаھزʤаڸʶ 
ˡаࡣ༴ԡĭǹ֪֮䱩֪͡ˡƫݡ֫ٵ 
֤ΪӡôСŷ硣˷ɢ֮ 
ԫ߳ʼӡӼԻз̱ߡνľ֮ʵ 
֮ڷ硣ɺϢʧˡĻˮ˥֮ʵ 
ðǲá䵹֪Ҳϲŭ˼־ 
ߡ־ΪҲơߡĩ䱾ҲԫԻзߡ 
а˱ҲѮ˥֮ʡϲŭߡд˼׳֮ 
ʱҲʢ֮ʢ˥ˡԻΪС֮ӡ 
¶ضʪз粡߷ǷҲʪ̵̵ȡҲ֮ۡӼ 
 
ԫʪԷΪ󡣶ӡҲҲ 
죡죡ΪǡΪǡδ֮ǰд˶ӡ 
ΪǡΪǡѳ֮дӶӡʲƶߡ 
ҡ֮֮ۡԲƫϡз֮Ϊзۡ 
ʹ˺ɶܾⲻ֪ڷߡзҲڻʪߡз硣 
зҲߡʪΪ֤֮ա 
ھνΪƫס֫١δڷ硣Ҳʪ 
֮⡣֮졣֮Ϊ硣Ρ֮Ϊʪ 
Ρ 
ˡ÷ӡΩʪ֤֮ǿ֮ 
α֡ʵɡʪֳ֤֮з粡ӡν 
з綫зߡȻ죡죡 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ȱ
ԣơ֮Ϊ֮Ϊȡ֤֤ԫơ 
ôõ֮ߡԻ䲡ͷʹ񺮡ξм֫ʹġ 
޺Ϊ֮ʹԽ˳ɢ֮ˡũ 
۵֮ߡԻȡ䲡ؿͷʹȡȡ֮ȡش 
йԶΪ˷׻֮νߡ֮Ҳ 
֮䡣˻Ͷ򼢶Ԫ˶ΪԻ 
ԻȡʵһҲԶ÷֮աߡ̶֮ˡ 
а롣а򲡡俺֮˱ôáͷ۶ 
֤ߡ˺֮֮Էġ뼡ߡаҲ 
Ҳȷа֮֮ɢ 
Ҳ˳ɢһʲࡣɽ֮⡣Գߡԭ⡣ 
ΪðȡࡣƢθʪŻ¡ˮȲ֡อʸʲݸɽԾ 
졣ǹ֦ҩҲʡȡԴҩξ 
ֲ֤֮֮ܽ⡣ڷӡ֮סԻڡ˳ɢ 
Ϊ 
֮ҩҲ죡ǺҲɢ⡣ 
ڶΪ֮ҩΪ 
ˮ׻áȻΪ֮ͨҩز֮ 
֤֮֮Ȼν֤֮֮䵱¡˷ֳ֮ʹ 
ˡ֮ͬ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ȳ
ԣ֮ҲߺΡҲԺͶƽԹԶHT HT 
Ǻ֮Ω֮ԽҲƫƫ֮ʼĪڹHT ֮ӡȻ 
ҲҲδֹΪ֮ѡȻ̸Ϊơ 
֮Ρ㡳ַҩͶʢԲ֪֮˱ԴкִҪ 
ʡԻ֮ʼ͡ζȡȡȶ֮֮ 
ӡǿຮƵͣԳ֮ʼº͡ζȡȡ 
֮֮ӡȱֹ൷򡣿ຮֳ㡣 
ຮ̡ǴʥҪҲӶȫ֮Իν֮ȡ֮ 
֮ȡ֮νҲҲҪ֮˹ּҲ̫֪֮Ի 
֮ԭ衣׳ˮ֮⡣Իȡ߲ȡȡ߲Ժ 
֮ͨСǿ֮֮̿ɡǧ֮䡣̺֮Ҳ 
䱦ʯ֮Եö֮ƫƫ֮߹ǧ֮һ 
ȳδҲȻߡ÷Ǵֹ֪ܷ֮΢Ž 
ͼԳ֮죡֮ߡͽ֪Ժȡ֪֮˥ߡɺˮ 
֮Ҳ֮ߡͽ֪κ֪֮˥ߡɺ֮Ҳ 
֪ˮ㡣Ժҩ֮Ωอϰҩ䲡߸ 
ȥ߸ӡȡ֮ˮ֮㡣ʹƷĻ֮ࡣȡ֮ 
 
Ļ֮㡣ʹʤˮ֮ҲָˮҲҲνҲߡ 
ˮ㡣֮Ҳ֮ԭߡ֮Ҳˮ֮ߡ֮ 
ҲνΪġԭΪΡˮΪΪҲġǿ̫ʹ 
ڹ׼֮⡣ʿ֮ ӡʿ 
ˮں֮бƱʤ֮νҩδʤԶ֮ 
ҩͶʢ𡣶Ī֮غȳ֮ΡÿڸҲ 
֮Ȱ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>кϷ
ԣѾʮƪԻԡʵ顣кϷνҲȻľˮ 
ƽľҲҲľʵƽ֮ʵˮƽ֮ʵľƽ֮ 
ʵƽ֮ˮʵƽ֮߸Ҳ֪ʵ߷Ҳ֪顣 
кϷ𡣲ˮϷ𡣻ߡľ֮Ҳˮˮߡľ֮ĸҲˮʤ 
ĸʵĸ顣кˮ𲻵ƽľҲԻ顣ࡣ 
֮νҲÿˡδ̾Խ֮þּҲ֮ʧּҲԡ 
鲻ȿע⡣ҽķζ֮Լ⡣ȴעУȻ 
Ϊ˵Ρȿע⡣˵СԼҾӡƽѵ 
ࡣѾƪܱΪ˷׷֮ۡƾʵ 
 
к֮֮˳ҲʵкӡĸೣҲ˽֪֮ʵ 
˲кζкġ֪֮ڲβƢ˲֪ΩԽ֪֮ 
ĸʵĸ顣Գ֮ԻĻʵ¸ľʵĸʵ 
ҲƢ顣·ν顣ĸҲĻʵƢ顣ɸľ֮ 
кĲƢηνƽӡԽȻĸʵνĸνľ볣 
졣ĸ顣ĸνˮνľ볣鲻ͬӡԻˮߡľ֮ĸҲĸʵ 
һ䡣ԲҲĸһ䡣ηԻΪľ֮ӡĸʹ֮ 
 
Ϊӡ񽫺Դ֮Ωвˮк֮ζѡˮߺνҲˮΪľ֮ĸ 
ˮ֮顣ʹʤ𡣻ˡˮˡĸ֮塣ν֮Ҳ( 
뾫 
֮鲻ͬν顣ν֮Ҳ 
ԻȻĸһ䡣֮Ƣ 
ȹƢΡβƢ֮ηߡη˶ˮ 
ηΩηĪơˮʤ֮ʤҲˮʤ֡Խ 
Ԣ⴦ϸ֮ҲкˮԡȻҪڲˮԻк 
òˮԻк𡣼ǲˮòΥԽˡ뾭֮òˮز 
 
Խ˱زԲˮӡȻˮ顣ߡ̲زˮҲˮ 
顣»ߡˮɺˮˮҩϢҩ 
ѡܾաຮ֮ҩͨΪкаѡշ౾ 
ҩ֮Ҳػƻư֮Ҳҷ֮ʵҲ 
Ρʵ֮һҲβƸΡʵ֮ 
Ҳ֮ҲжĿ˷Ρ֮һҲƢܸοˡΡ֮ 
Ҳˮк𡣻ľֽܿ˶ľʵӡƽ 
ܿ˶ӡĸ֮򵱲Ƣ֪ʢ֮ 
ÿղƢܵʢ֮աʹ𡣽ܻˡòʧӡ 
ˮҲľˮˮľľŶк𡣲ˮ֮ۡȻ 
֮ⲻ֪ľӡδˮ֮顣вܸ䱾ľ 
ľʤӡνˮߡ䲻ʳĸҲʳĸӡ 
֪˽𡣽֮ѼвԸˮʳ֮ʳ鲻 
ڻ֮ˡ֮ˮ֮ʳҲաˮʳ𡣽δܸҲ 
ƽľһ䡣һ֡кˮߡʹƽľҲֵɾȥ 
ࡣָҲкˮʹƽľν顣 
к𡣲ˮʹƽ˷֮ɶߡ˷δ顣 
֮ӡԻ顣ࡣνľˮƽ֮ 
ͽȹʸҲԽʥҲڴˡҲš˵֮HT ʴ֮ 
ʱ档 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣ̫֮֮ӡھԻľ֮ν֮Ҳ֮ν 
֮ɢҲ֮ν֮հҲй֮νйСҲˮ 
֮ν֮Ҳ̫ʹ˵֮Ҳ֮ȻδܿȻɡϸ֮ 
пԡ֮һ䡣֮ľ䡣ΪзھԻ 
֮ߡ֮κΡ᪲Իľ֮֮֮й֮ˮ֮Ȼ 
ߡ֮ηҲνй֮ʮͨΪһ¡ڡԵԻֹľ 
֮žΪһڡ֮ʴҲȻһ䡣Ϊһ֮෨Ҳ֮η 
Ҳνй֮Ϊһڡ֮෨Ҳ巨ߡΪ֮¶Ȼ 
֮δҲҷ֮ҲɺߡͶ֮ͨ塣˶Ϊ 
˶ҲΩ֮ʹȻաȷ֮ɾС֮ 
֮֮й֮֮֮̿ɶ֮ӡ䡣Ӧ䲻֮Ҳ죡 
 
ľ֮ߡ֮ͨҲԼŭ вͻʱסԿຮɢ 
ߡ֮ҩʹ֮÷Ϊй֮롣 
Ϊй֮ٶɢ֮֮ࡣԴ֮֮Ҳν֮ 
Ϊľ֮ԫνʳСʳΪΪλɱϡ 
졣ܿľʸľ֮ڵ¡ľΡȥϽ֮ľ泩 
ȥӡľ֮Ҳϡѵ˲ʹߡΪνʢƸ 
ľ죡кٸӡҲΪƢθ죡 
θ 
ӡҲȻľܸ֮֮֡ô֡Ƿľ 
Եӡɺաڶԫνʳ 
η֡Ϊϡľֲʹߡ֮ľ̲֮ 
˶ҲΪˡз֮ԻȥľǷΪľʩ 
ΡΪʳ˶ʩӡʳ 
ж¡ھνԽ֮֮ 
ֲľ֮˵֮Ҳ֮ߡ֮Ҳ֮Ҳաа 
ȡɢ֮ڡǿຮ֮Ρ֮ҩ 
Ը¡˳Զ֮ʹֹ綫ԫɢҲ֮ࡣԷ֮֮Ҳ 
 
֮ߡҲٶ˥֮Ҳаθ̺֮Թȥ֮ 
 
ʪ׳ʵߡ֮ʢܶٳߡٶơʹ֮˥ 
ʪΪз֮ߡ򹥻ƽ֮ࡣԶ֮֮Ҳ 
 
й֮йߡйСҲͨҲνΪˮԭܻ塣С 
ԭӡ֮ ƾϢ֮ 
֮֮ͨࡣ 
й֮֮Ҳνй 
С㡣Ϊй֮йС㡣Ϊйӡ֡ 
Ī⡣÷֮ 
ƤëΡаΪΪй֮ν򷲽ľⲡҮ 
˶δɾȥҽйС֮СйСΪӡ 
йΪ̷ˮ 
СΪֱΰסֱΰסڷΡΪ಻֮ͨԻй 
СҲˮ֮ߡҲ֮ҲɱҲ֮ˮ硣 
ˮ֮ʤߡҲ˥֮ʷꡣεʵƢ 
˻¿ˮҷƼϷơ 
й 
ˮ֮ҩԷ֮ȥҳ Žྻα١Խƽ֮ν֮ 
档۴䷺֮ҲʵҲйˮ߹ҲߡԶʤҲ 
ҲҲҲΪˮ֮Ȼ֮ʵýǳɶʩ֮ 
䲻߹ӡҷ֮з֮ӡȻаÿ͡𡣽аȥ 
ƽաƽʹλ䳣֮ࡣδԾη֮ 
ԻȻ̻֮δʤ֮ľ 
𡣽ľľ˹ӡʤηҲԻ֮ηҲ 
֮Ҳߡ֮Ҳ˳ϲ񡣽֮񡣹Ի 
νк֮кк֮Ϊ˵δּȻԵ¡Ǿ֮ 
ּˡΪӦ֮á򲻱ؾȻҲ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣԻ֮ƢвŮӲ¡֮ߡνƢ֮ζپ 
 
Ů֮Ѫʲ¡ƢΪŮ˵ԶνȻҲ 
θ֮ҲθвƢ֮ƢӼƢҲȻƢθΪϡθ 
ƢӡġǺҲ󳦶ġաθΪ֮ 
Ϊ֮ʳθġθ侫Ƣߡθ֮ɡܻ֮ 
 
θȲܡܻƢʺƢʡ˻Ѫӡ 
ʳθвƢ֮ΪپŮΪӡƢԡŮ˵ 
¡ɷ˵֮ԡ֮ƢġŮ֮Ѫġ 
ƢҮŮ֮Ѫ֮ɡν֮оƢ 
Ů 
ѪĺԻŮƢ֮ӡ֮Ůӡ֮ 
 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣھԻߡšٻʹ˼ʡĿäӡղ 
 
 ֹעԻŽ Ҳ߾Ҳ 
סʵʱʹ˼ʡ˹˷֮ҲäĿӡֱն־⡣񡣽ǡ 
θ ơֹζּȻ޴ڽߡע 
֮Զ˺֮ߡƽ֮ҲߡڶҲš 
ҲνҲҲٻ̻νҲν֮Żߡȡ֮Ҳ 
ˮ֮ɢԻ̵̷Ҳ ˮֹҲߡһѡ 
Ҳ֮ǺʼƽΪΪа 
˶֮š༴ɻʢ˥ʾˮƻ 
ʿֵ֮»֮ʱʹ˷֮ȻҲ 
档Ŀäաá侫ȥɸ̷֮ 
 
֮ˮɢĪԶ֮ӡڴˡǻ֮ӡ֮塣 
ȥ֡ν֮ɺաԴ˲ΪΪ ͡ ΪơԷ 
ǡ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ζк
ԣپζк ơ𸽵ȹ⡣ 
֮νζԵػΪҩֹ֮ΪѪ֮Ǽ油ҲߡѪ֮ 
ĸԫνѪߡҲרΪػơɽǡ 
ߡĵƤ֮ҩ̲к֮Ҳ丽ӹٹ 
ҩȻ֮ҩгΪͨҩٹܲ½ 
㡣ҩҲԻȻ򡣹಻к֮ 
 
ӡΨɽҩ̫Ȼ书ǿ̫Ϊ֮ԭԭ 
̡档õػΪߡѪ鲻㡣벹Ҳҩ֮ߡɽҩ֮ǿ 
ɽ֮ǿ澫׳Ԫ֮ĵƤ֮к𡣶 
־㡣к֮ࡣ֮͡½Ҳɴ 
֮֮ν油ߡ˵ҲкҲԻккак֮ 
Ҳɢкߡڪка෥аԲζ֮ 
кߡȡкаࡣ֮͡ѡ 
кΪ𸽵֮˵ккȻҩȺ֮Ск֮ 
Īʩӡʵڲ ܲѪڴǣţѪڹǡ 
ȡڴâ򺮡˷޶ҲȺ֮ơòȻҲȻν 
ζԸΪ֮򵼡䲹ǵػΪȡ佡Ƣ֮ԡеػ֮͡ 
Զˡػ֮͡ǸӲܼӡȻǮζػ衣и 
ζ衣Ǽ衣ζػ衣Ω֮Ҳ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>Сԭί
ԣԻྭԻˮߡθСɡڴ󳦡½ 
ڱ֭ѭ½ɡԻˮҺԻسڱ֭֮а 
֮Ϊ硣йҲơˮСʢšԷֱҲˮڰ 
ϿڡΪѱ㡣˵С㼴ڱ֮ˮҺԳҲԻ 
θ羫ƢƢɢϹڷΡͨˮסСˮ 
 
΢֮ƢΡ˻Ҳ˴˲ͬƾԻƾҷ 
ߡҮˮӡˮ֮ȻҲθ侫䲻֮ 
 
̲ҲȲνС㡣ΪաΩ䲻ߡ 
дߡΪ֮ȵԻߡҺɡܳӡˮߡ 
֮ӡߡˮ֮ĸˮСˮ͡νС㴿ڱ𡣲˻ 
ǲҲȻסԻҺ֮ʢҺаӰ֮ɡ 
ԻڰסྭԻ֮妡Իߡ֮ҡҷ 
֮ڰҲϿڶ¿ڡҺʢڰԳܽ 
ڰ⡣ڰ֮մΪԳǰҲν׽ҺߡǾٰԸ 
ҲԻ޿մ缱ʱޡܼΩ¿մݡ 
ʼ޼ӡ԰¿ڡϿڡ԰½пڡ԰С϶Ϊ 
עй֮·죡 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣ۷ԫ˱档Ի˷纮а֮кʳ 
۲֮кԴһºʼ֪֮𡣶پ֮ 
ӡҲաȻĿԡ̻пߡ֮ 
Իʳ;˶ߡ֮λԼҲԻھ 
ơ֮֮ΩҩԲԪкаھԻܳȡ֮ 
ҩ˿ɶԻߡ֮֮˷С㡣ʹ·ʪ( 
νҲ)ʳߡ֮֮ȡĪ߽ԲʹҲ 
 
ʵƪơԻȡκΡ᪲Ի;롣˥١ʢ 
ϽС䲻ͨθȡѬСȡ൷򡣴֮˵֮ԭ 
󡣷֮Աߡ֮ߡѪߡǰ 
ߡอ֮ߡ綯Ĭ֮ࡣϤ١ 
νָ߽֮ԲͬͶ֮֮ԿΪӡˮ 
֮ζ롣ǹʢ˥Ҳָ֮֮ˮ֮ζ 
½ΪԡˮΪԡԷҲߡҲ˥ 
׳ʳҲʢߡԪʳ˥ҲϽߡҲ 
ͨߡҲθˮȡԴ롣һҲθ 
ɡ˥١޽ӡԻϽС䲻ͨȻν 
ͨҲ֮ƽ޲ʱν֮вͨϲ²ͨӡٻԳ׳ 
θϽ֮䡣θȡסѬСΪҲԫν 
塣νʳʧڡߡƪּ֮ϡ˶ξġ 
硣Ϊ֮˷ˡȴνλȼС˲Ҳ 
֡Ѿδԡԫÿÿֹ߽֮֮СĶ䡣 
ΪˮɾΪΪ֮˵Ϊ֤֮Ȼ಻֮ 
Ϊߡ䶫ԫʼ֮ǽҲȶԻ 
Ϊ𡣾Ȼ֮ڡԾҲΪֱ 
֮Ҫơ̫֮֮֮ӡ 
֮ҲߡҲ֮ߡԵʳӡϢǡԴ֮ 
Ҳνɫ֮֡ͬҩ֮ҲԫΪ 
 
֮¡νҩԲԪка֮Ϊ֮ܳȡΪ 
ھơ鿼ھ޴಻ҲȻҩ֮ԪкаߡΩ 
¶ζ˹ӡƢ𡣹ԪаϨҲҩ 
Ϊ˲֮ɡΪ֮֮ע򲻿ɡӦۡνβߡ֮ 
֮塣ָҩҲβ㡣Ҳߡҩ֮Ҳҩ 
ŨζŨζζŨ̾ŨΡҩ֮Ũ 
 
κԻβߡ֮ҩ֮δʳ 
ӡϢҲֹȻղΪ֮¡Բ֮֮֮֮ 
ɢ֮ɡӡľˮҲ֮ɹۡ 
ڵӡľˮߡҲߡζʲʵҲ 
ͬˮԫν֮಻ҲȴСȥ֮ν 
֮֮;ˡʳ 
˶ߡΪˡȻɻ 
ΪһѾνʳ;롣ƢߡνƢʳ֫Ƣʳ 
ʧڡ֫ƢνͬࡣޱҲ;ˡʳˡ纮 
ʪ 
֮ͬȻʳˡ;˲ͬ;˳ϲҲʳ̵ڲ֮С 
಻ҲҲǼʳʳ̫ʧڡȻ֮֡ 
ҲߺΡ޲̫֮еҲ򼢶ʳߡθ顣Ϊ㡣 
ʧҲʳԱͣߡθˡ˲֮мࡣʧҲԡ 
㡣ͣԡӡΩ䲻㡣ʲ档Ωࡣˡز 
ߡ͡ˡС벹ߡмͣ͡Ի 
档಻벹ߡ衣ԫƤ衣ľ֮ 
 
Իв֮䡣ľ衣ʵ衣׿֮ࡣ 
档Ȼʩ֮͡ߡ񲻿աΪ֮ͨҩ֮ 
 
֮ȥߡల֪ʱ衣衣Ӧ衣ϵɢ 
֮ߡŶԫδί֮Ҳƽߡ൱൱ߡ 
˹ءضҲǱ֮ñ֮ۺˡ֪֮ 
;ˡ򴿺档̲顣䶫ԫ䡣ȻԿຮ֮ 
;֮ȡ䲻ΣԻѼҩʤҽߡ 
ߡһί֮ȻΪ֮ʧҲغ˾ӡܲʹҲա 
ԫ֮Ҳɸ顣΢覡ݺ˲ǧ֮ʲ 
֪֮ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ܾͬ
ԣͻԻӦơ֮аࡣˮ֮ȡ 
̫ơаߡ֮ʳڡӲʱߡ֮֮ 
֮ࡣ˵෴Ը⡣ิ֮ԻνƷҲ֮ 
а硣а֮ҲˮȺȡʳڡ˲֮Ҳ֮ 
ˡԳ֮ӡ֮ΪԴ˵֮졣ɡǲ 
 
Ҳߵ϶ּ֮˹ԻȻ֤֮Ի 
аԻ֮а֮顣֮顣С 
ǡˡྭԻ֮з硣ԻˡڸΡϷˡ 
 
ġϷˡƢˡڷΡˡۺˡ 
 
֮аӡԻа֮ҲгڸԻа֮ 
ҲʼƤ롣䴫֮ڳθԻˡ 
 
ڴ󳦡ˡСϷˡθۺˡ֮а 
ԻʳԱθˡۺˡˮȺȡӡԻ 
κ˷ΡѾԻʳ;ƢۺˡˮȺȡڵ֮ 
ʪδרƤܺอаˮȡδרอܺƤ 
ҲаΡؾӡ˸ˮΡ 
С˸ʪԻҲԽʼҲ㡣ʴ¶ϡǳ 
 
Ƥνʪȫ޼อ֮աӲʱһ 
֮ϵġ֮ͬ塣ʲ֮Ҳ 

