<ƪ>ҽ
ҽ
ߣ  
  
ݣԪ1644-1911  

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ԣҽ֪βҽ֪֪ƽƽҲҲƽƪȡ 
ڻƵ׶볤ɶ죨Ϲۣ 
᪲Ի֮Ϊ·᪲ԻΪ̫֮֮ҲԻԻ֮ҲҲ 
Ӫˣ 
νԶҲ˺αں 
Ի֮ԳԾžƻνҲ᪲Ի֮ھžƻ֮֮Ҳ 
֮ڼʮշҲžƻþž֮֮Ҳ¾Բ֮Ҳ廷ת 
ϢԲʥ֮ߣʮ˾Ҳʶ֮Ϊ޶Ʃɽʶ֮Զͼÿȶ 
ʮȻѶҶ߹һҲ߶ʮҲӯ֮Ҳ 
ΪΪзּеһʮȶɹʴСʮնӯ 
ʮķ֮һмÿչʮԼʮһ췲ʮʮ 
ʮν²֮ҲʥԱ̫֮ʷעԻ˷Իضʮȫʮ 
»ʮ֮ӯ˷֮ÿʮ¶ʮν֮ 
ʼնȱ 
Ķʼйʷаոǹν֮ת֮вҲļҲ 
֮бĶʼ߱ȫǰ֮ΪԪ֮ҲԽӯһߴ¼ 
Ҳ߻һ¶Ҳ 
ʮգʮҲܼףʮһҲҲʮշҲν֮ 
ν֮ν֮ʱʱν֮Ϯ֮֮ܶʼʱ绷޶˺ͬ 
ڣʱѵ֮նⶳݳʼϱ˼ν֮Ҳ´˲¼ 
ʤĳʤʤʤʤ 
ļʮȡ֮徿֮λΩ䶨λĻ𷽾ļΪλĪ 
Ԫ岽Ϊ󺮽ľֺʮս˻âֺʮսս˽ 
սˮиƽ 
ҲԹʼδν̫ʤʤҲԻνʤжܲ 
ʤ֮ҲԻ 
ʳʳζڲۣ 
λʪ໯ϲŭǿ֣Ԫͣ 
߾֮Ҳɷ֮νڳɸ߽֮ıǳɵ֮پϳ߳ʹ֮ϲ 
ֳƢθ߲֮ζɴߴ֮ٱ仯Сʢ֮ٻǿ֮ټɳ߾֮ 
ˮɰݶ֮ٽҺܳӷʮ߲ʧҲ°Դʮ 
Σʹͨ˴ˣص䣩 
ֹһڿڶ˺һϰܼ½°ܼδʱ֮´½ֱԹ½ 
سʱٰ֮´עԻܳѸ̥ѹ 
С㲻Ϫ̥ô 
߲ؾкҲʵߴعʵҲˮθʵʳʵθ 
ԻʵҲۣ 
˲ͨԫ 
ƽ֮֮Ҳƻ֮֮Ҳҹ֮֮Ҳ 
ƽ֮֮ҲӦ֮֮ΪΪΪΪΪΪΪ֮ 
Ҳ֮ҲΪ֮Ҳ֮Ҳ֮ƢҲؽԣ 
֪˿Ծ֮ 
ʥǰԻԻ̫̫֮Ի֮Ի̫̫Ի֮ 
Ի֮Ի̫̫֮ǰԻԻ֮֮ԻԻ 
֮֮Ҳ̫ΪΪΪΪΪȻΪԻ̫̫ 
Ի̫֮֮ԻӿȪԻ֮֮ǰԻڴ֮Ի֮ 
֮Ҳ̫ΪΪΪࣨϣ̫֮нֱннθͨѨ 
ıι֮У󳦻ѭθθķĤڸʹִϵǷֽʮɴ 
֮δӷϵҸ£вԻҸѭ ֮ǰѭڣһΪ Ϊ 
Ϊ۱۾Ϊ󾡴ֱָ֣ϹбڲϹ֮ڣ㣨ƹ֮ǰ 
ָ֮¡Ϊ㣩ѭʣָںѨָ֮ˣѨָڲȥצ׽Ҷ֧ߴȱ 
ѨֽʳָҲ̫Ӵ˱ֱָǶ򲡷ȱʹº 
УֶҲΪ߿ʷ ǰʹʣ֫䣩ʢ 
ʹ纮зСǷʹϢɫ֮ڴָָ֮ˣѨ 
ָڲȥצ׽ҶѭָϹ֮䣨ϹѨڴָָ᪹У֮ѭ 
ǰϼ ֮ǰϳ֮ȱ֧ߴȱϾ³лЮڽ 
֮֮ЮǿףӭѨ¿֣Ƕ򲡳ʹҺĿƿڸ飩Ѫ 
Լǰ ʹָָʹ 
θ֮ڱ֮ УɽԼ̫֮ѭлЮڻ½нѨڴ 
УȴѭúΪΪãӭѨǰ֣ѭճ°˷ն˽ǰУ϶ǰ 
ˣѨڶǰǣѭ­֧ߴӴӭǰӭһֶѭȱθ 
ƢֱߴȱйЮУѨ°˴ȥж磩֧θѭ 
ж¹صַã֮Ϊǰϥ⴦Ϊ÷úΪ¹Ϊ¾ǰΪϥΪ  
Ϊ־Ϊ㣩ϥУЮϥΪѭƣ棩ָڼ֧ 
ָָ֧߱ˣѨָָ֮ȥצ׽ҶǶǷ 
պڲľȻջ뻶ϸ߶¶츹ν ʣֹΪ  
Ѫ߿ű Ӿ׺Դˮϥʹѭֹɷ Ͻʹָ 
ʢǰθƼɫǰԺθкƢ̫֮ڴָ֮ˣѨ 
ڴָڲȥצ׽Ҷѭָڲʣ˰⾡˹Ǻǰ 
ڣǣѭֹǺ󽻳֮ǰϥǰ븹ƢθЮ౾ɢ֧߸θע 
౾ǿʳŻθʹúȻ˥Ƣ౾ʹ岻ܶҡʳ·¼ 
ʹйˮջƵǿϥָ 
֮гϵϵͨɷҶἹͨС֧ߴϵЮ 
ϵĿϵֱ߸ϵȴϷ³Ҹѭ ں̫֮ѭںƺ֮ںѭ 
Сָ֮ڳˣٳѨСָڲȥצ׽ҶǶɸʹʶΪĿвʹ 
ںʹʹ 
С̫֮Сָ֮ˣѨСָȥצ׽һУѭУ¸߹ǣֱѭ 
۹ڲ֮ѭ ⣨ΪΪ⣩ƼΣ³Ƭǣϣϻ 
׵ཻڼϣȱѭθС֧ߴȱѭϼĿ ĿΪ ȴ 
֧߱ ĿΪ ֱĿ ڽǣбȧǶʹײԹ˼ư Һ߶ 
ĿƼ׾ ʹ 
̫֮Ŀ ѨΪ̫  ֮ᣩ϶ۣٻѨ֧ߴ 
ֱߴԻѭ粲ڣΪЮѭ֧ߴЮ  
֧ߴӲұ¹ЮڹࣨݹΪࣩѭӺº Уǰ ߺϣ¹ ڳ 
֮ѭǣСָںǣСָࣨѨСָ౾ǰУǶ򲡳ͷʹĿ 
μʹ²  Ϊű񲼲ͷضʹĿ  
ʹСָ 
֮Сָ֮аģӿȪѨָУȻ֮£ǰУѭ 
֮ ڳ ϹںἹ붽᳤ǿѨֱߴϹѭ 
Ю౾֧ߴӷγעǶ򲡼ʳѪȺȶĿ ״ 
ƿ˽֮Ϊ߿ɸɼʹʹƵ ںʹ 
ȶʹ 
İ֮гİ֧ߴгвҸΪвҸϵҸѭ  
̫֮±֮ѭָˣгѨָצҶУ֧߱ѭСָ 
ָǶȱμҸв֧ ĿϲЦ߷ʹ 
֮Сָָ֮ˣسѨָȥצҶϳָ֮ѭֱ֮ 
ѭ ϼ֮ȱ貼Ум䣩ɢİѭ֧ߴϳȱϵ 
ֱϳϽ¼ ֧ߴӶг߶ǰǰĿ Ƕ򲡶 ׺ 
ߺĿ ʹ׶ ʹСָָ 
֮Ŀ ͫ ѨĿȥ ֣ϵͷ¶ѭ֮ǰȴ֮ 
ȱ֧ߴӶг߶ǰĿ ֧߱ ´ӭ ¼Ӽճ¾ȱ裨ǰ 
ϣйѭвëʺУٸ֮УֱߴȱҸѭعвв 
֮Ϊвºѭѭ̫֮䣩ϥ⸨֮ǰֱµ־֮ˣΪǣ 
³֮ǰѭСָָ֮䣨ѨСָָȥצ׽Ҷ˶գ֧߱ 
ָ֮ѭָ᪹ڳˣָںΪ᪹ǣצ׳ëǶ򲡿ڿ̫Ϣвʹת΢г 
޸ⷴΪͷʹʹĿ ʹȱʹв񨺹űвϥ־ 
ǰڽʹ 
֮ڴָë֮ʣѨڴָȥצҶΪ֮ļҽ֮Ȼڴë 
֮ʷָҲϸʹ߾Ĵë飩ѭȥһװ˴罻̫֮ ѭ 
ëйһСЮθ絨Ϲвѭ֮Ŀϵϳ붽֧ 
ߴĿϵ¼ﻷ֧߸ӸαעǶʹԸɷ ޸ٸɸ泾ɫǸ 
Żй񪣨龭ƪһ֧Ҳ߱ҲҲ߻򱾾 
ཻཻҲ߼ϲͨҲЮ߼ҲԼԼҲ߻Ҳɢ߷һҲѭ߸ݰҲߴ 
Ҳ֯Ӫ绷һһдϤŲվֹ֮ƻһģʾȽ֮ͼ 
ʷʤһ֮ʥ֮ 
βʶ֮˹Ͷڴ˽ڱ˾֮˾޹֮ͽŶ˽Ҳζ 
ʮ֮ʮϽʡֽ֮Ҳĳʹĳĳĳ֪ξ֮ܲ 
ȻƪΪСһ̲֮Ҳ 
¼֮Ტڼ縮м֮ëѭϹԪʺ 
֮ھЮжɢڼвһ ڸѭ 
ڸѭʺάάάܻҲάά 
Ҳʮѣ 
άάάάάȻʧ־ܲճάΪຮάΪʹ Ϊ 
Ϊ֮ΪＱ֮Ϊǿ֮ΪڿΪŮΪۣھڽ 
ŮӴۣ֮Ϊˮд澭֮ΪҲʮѣ澭ĴҶϵ 
д֮ԽʱҲ¼֮ 
ɻΪӪΪӪɻ׳ͬλԸԻڹȹθԴ 
ΪӪΪӪӪܲʮ绷޶ʮ 
ʮȷΪҹֹԻж¤Ϊҹ¤Ϊ̫̫ж 
ʮȷΪҹҹΪ¤ҹΪ˥ƽж¤Ϊ˥ҹ 
Իƽͬ׳Ѫʢ⻬ͨӪ֮вʧ䳣羫ҹ 
Ѫ˥ɬӪ˥ٶڷ粻ҹӪнϽ̱£ϽθϿڲ 
ϹҸѭֶ̫֮лǣ̱ࣩӪʮʮ 
һҲʮȶ̫нಢθгϽ֮Һ侫΢עڷ˻Ϊ 
ѪԷĪڴ˹ʶھԻӪӪ߾ҲѪҲѪ֮ͬɹʶѪ޺ẹѪ 
½߱سעڰ׶ˮ߳θгɶڴ󳦼ڱ֭ѭ½ϽнŽ 
½´֮νҲྭӪƪ 
ӷҲβʲθ 
ְϽˮθθ֮¶֮ȴ˼ҲϽθϿĤ֮ǹ 
ɢȻѭ̫֮ԻϽı½֮ͬԽ 
δ½֮νϽڶȫ޳· 
嵱˿˿ν֮ʮ۶Ϊʮ۶Ϊʮ۶Ϊб߻ 
б鲢һ䲢ѨӲ˵ν֮νɴ˶Ҳ˵ν֮νⲢҲ 
кѨ֮Ϊ֮СΪϪ֮Ϫ֮ӪԻҲѭֶ̫֮֮ 
ֵǽϽθϿڲϹϽ֮ѾϼȳϽӼɢд 
֮߹ѭ̫֮кݴѭָָϽϽֱʺ֪ 
ϽǹԻ޹ߺ֪ӵϼԻ˲к̫ 
ͷԻ 
Юǿڱ֮ йԻ̱û⣨ø 
ӪнˮθȻ΢֭ƽ߼ӪнעĻ֮Ӫ 
Ļ ɳ༴ѪԻнŽԻӪ߾ҲѪҲ֮ΪķǽĻ ½ˮ 
֮·Ҳˮθ仯СδֱֱС¿سᴦһֱ԰׼½ˮӴɹԻ½ 
һΪˮѨǷˮ 
ҹΪѽԻӪʮԻӪʮʮһ 
ҲӪͬйɵӪн̫עעע̫˳ʮ֮ע 
ӪȻֹҹֹȻҹʺ 
ν 
֮ʮ֮ǧҲҹָָҲڷ֮Ӫк 
϶߼Ҳ߼Ҳʵͷ纮ҹԲͷ纮 
Ҳ̫Ϊ̫֮ΪҲӪҲлƳܲԽ֮ 
һƪ޻·Ϊѵؾʳθһɢڸһаƪ 
۹θƤӪ̫ͬȻͬΪӵƪԽپö 
аʹһۼʽԲ¼ 
Ůʢݸ߶̫ͨʢʱ¹ƽ 
̫˥ߵصͨλҲɷʵݸʢк͹ 
ƽǾǿ˰ݷȥ˥и߹ʷްвӶϹ 
ۣ 
ŮǾѪ̫ Զ߶Եͨ˹ʱ̫ʢʱ 
һ 
˳֮һ֮²ѪڳǾǰһ 
һǶǰ֮ѨѾشڼв״˾ϵ 
йɴǰȻ¹ʾΪŮӴ 
ಫ϶γΪϽζѬë¶֮νйν 
עڹǹйƤνҺнȡ֭仯νѪնӪν߶ 
ĿйҺ߹첻ɫز ѪɫزȻ飨 
 
ͨڱǷκ֪ͨĺ֪ζӸͨĿκĿܱɫƢͨڿƢ 
֪ͨڶӣȣ 
ѪڸθѪѪܲѪָѪ㣨ɣ 
Ķȷζ񺮸ζƢʪ 
֮עĿ֮Ϊͫӽ֮ΪѪ֮Ϊ֮Ϊۼ֮ΪԼߢѪ֮ 
ΪϵԺйа֮ϵתתϵĿϵĿѣ 
תӾɢ᪼Ŀ֮ҲӪ֮ӪҲ֮Ҳɢ־Ȼǳ 
ۣ 
βĲڱƢΪ֮ʹθΪ֮֮иĸ߽֮Сģۣ̽θˮ 
֮Ϊʮ֮Ϊ֮Ϊ֮麣ۣ 
ݳŷֿڹ೤ߴŹθһθ֮ 
һ羶С󸽼󻷻ܵעڻس⸽ϻ˻ʮ뾶˷ַ֮ 
ٰ볤߻سѾңҶ»˻ʮĴ羶һٰ֮볤һ߹㳦 
ܻسҶ±ٴ˴羶֮볤߰˴磨鳦θƪ 
ͬҲΪܳ߸Թ֮˴Ϊ˳֮֮߳ͯ½Сָͬ 
ںͷΪʮΪ೤߳ܳ϶Ϊܳ˾α 
ηҶ߿ëʢ֭ƢɢѪҶҶ 
öڸ֮Ҷʢ֭ϰݹŴ磨ʮѣ 
ΪųΪŻΪθΪ̫¿ΪŴСΪ¼ΪŴ߳Ҳʮѣ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣ֮Ч۲ԲαһŲ¼ 
֮Ҳ֮ټͱ仯֮ĸɱ֮ʼ֮Ҳβ䱾ʻΪΪ 
ɱκȼй ʹ֮ 
ҲΪΪصΪΪƳʵ 
֫ˮΪΪΪΪζζι龫黯ʳʳζζ˾Ϊ 
ζζζŨΪΪ֮ŨΪΪ֮ζŨйͨйŨ׳ 
֮˥ٻ֮׳׳ʳʳٻ׳ɢٻζʷɢΪӿйΪʤʤʤ 
ʤغ򺮺ʹ׷ʤʤʤɺʤʪʤкʱ 
ղʪ໯ϲŭǿֹϲŭαŭϲȥϲ 
ŭں˲̹Իںز´ڷй űʪ 
ԶľľθĸĿΪԪΪڵΪζԪΪ 
ڵΪľΪΪɫΪΪΪڱ䶯ΪΪĿζΪ־Ϊŭŭ˸αʤŭ˽ʤ 
˽ʤϷѪѪƢΪڵΪΪΪɫΪ 
ΪΪЦڱ䶯ΪΪζΪ־ΪϲϲĿʤϲʤȿʤʪʪʸ 
ƢƢƢΪʪڵΪΪΪƢɫΪΪΪڱ䶯ΪΪζΪ 
־Ϊ˼˼Ƣŭʤ˼ ʪʤʪʤηƤëƤëΪ 
ڵΪΪƤëΪɫΪΪΪڱ䶯ΪΪζΪ־Ϊ˷ϲʤƤ 
ëʤƤëʤˮˮΪڵΪˮΪΪ 
ɫΪΪΪڱ䶯ΪΪζΪ־Ϊֿ˼ʤֺѪʤѪʤ̹Ի 
֮ҲѪ֮ŮҲ֮·Ҳˮ֮Ҳ֮ʼҲԻ֮Ҳ 
֮ʹҲ첻ҲҶĿҲزϹʶϷҲ㲻ǿҲͨڷ 
ͨɷͨڸͨĹͨƢ֮֮֮֮֮֮ͨ 
β߲֮֮ζԽ֮֮к֮аΪƤ 
֮ ֮߰ʵɢк֮ԱѪѪʵ˾֮˳ 
ۣ֮ 
׳Ҳٻ΢ҲǷְپ˺׫ʾžʮһ̥ҩ¼ 
ֶ̥ҩ¼ٸżһ鲢ںѭȻǼټϸ֮ڲ 
ǳª֮֮Ҫ֮༴ڷֳ 
лԳζำɹʳƫʤ򲡵ʳζζƫʤ򲡻־ 
־ƫ򲡲ǧܲ˶֮֮ʤƽ֮νҪԲҲ˱ר鲢һ 
۵Ϧ׺ζ˳ 
̫ΪƢθҲҲԻλʵӻڻӲͬʲҲҲ 
ߵҲʵʷа֮ʳӲʱ֮֮֮ 
ȲʱΪ ΪйΪ ܷʪͷ 
ѭָͷммڷ֮ʪ 
֮Ƣ֫úҲԻ֫θƢ˵ҲƢΪθҺ֫ˮ 
˥ǼʲƢʱҲԻƢҲ볣ʱʮռβö 
ʱҲƢθĤΪ֮ҺҲԻ̫ҲθƢɹ̫Ϊ֮߱Ҳ 
֮ҲΪ֮อ侭ΪθҺ̫ۣ 
پת̫Ҳת̫תҲƪиʵ֮˵ŴΪپ 
֮澭Ҳ 
ԫһȫڴƪ 
ָʮҲ̫̫绷޶˶Խ 
רԽר֮δʴϵ 
ְũнƢֶȱɲż ֮ȡҹų֮ްް 
 
ƢθĤθʱʱθѬν˶Ϣ֮Ҳ˵̸ܶ 
δ֪е 
Ȳ߽˺֮Ҳ֮ʮߺҲԻ֮Ҳڷ縮 
ΪҲ֮ںҲΪں߱ز˺һվ֮ͷʹǿ 
֮ЮĿĿʹǸɲҲ֮ѭвڶвʹ 
䲡δ߹ʿɺ̫̫֮θɹʸɸ֮ 
ϵ౾ʿɶ֮ѭڸιʷܲ಻ͨ 
䲻ںվ˥ͷʹ˥˥΢ʮ̫˥˼ 
ʳʮһ˥ֹѶʮ˥ 
ٸ΢´ȥ֮ͨ˥δ߿ɺ߿йѲʳ 
򸴶ʳŴҲ 
ں߲һ㲡ͷʹڸɶ̫㲡Ȳʳ 
㲡 
ˮ벻֪֮ͨҲԻʮ֮ҲѪʢ 
ʲ֪˾˺ΪºΪ뺹Գֹۣ 
ȲҲ˺Ȳһɢʧ 
Ѿ֮Ｏ 
 űڷʱߺҲԻű֮ʼҲںëǷʹȥͷʹƿ 
䶳ϺʹȻԻ½ʵҲʵҲͷʹ 
ʤʤǺʹڹԺʢڽ򴭶ʹ䶳Ҳ˽Ե֮ 
ʢƤ֮ڳθ֮Ӫ֮Ҳ˺缰֮ԡˮƤ֮ 
ҹڱౡ֮ڱ 
аóԼնҲߺʹȻԻаڷ縮ѭһһҹڷ縮 
һڹҲ йҲշаڱĤԭҲԶʼ 
ҲȺںڷԻűȶڷںԻű䵫ȶȾ 
ԩȶŻԻűƷʢʱػ˥Ҳ±شű֮δҲδδ֮ 
ðаűۣ 
жƤ֮ڲͨⲻйȻȶ亮Ҳ˥ʳҲʹ 
ʳԻȷθѭĿ ˷йΪжĿйΪ 
̫ɢڷ֮ʹ йвҲ 
ȥӪ Ƥ ʹɫԻݷȷŻΪƫѭ縮 
ΪԷϵͷΪĿۺзΪ©뷿зΪڷзΪ׷÷Ϊй 
Ϊйʷ߰ٲ֮仯޳Ҳطۣ 
纮ʪ϶ΪҲʤΪбԺʤΪʹʪʤΪűҲʤر 
ۣҶƤë ҲʶݲεҲ 
йڿĤɽĤηΪƢθɶʼⲻʷΪٹǿݶΪ 
߲֮Ϊ֮Ҳ󲻵򷢷ҶҶΪ Ҳ̫ڶ 
±ѪҲ󾭿鷢ΪԴΪ˼Ը뷿̫ڽݷΪΪڸʹ 
ҲнʪˮΪ¼ձԶʷΪ֮ʪҲԶ;ȶڷˮʤǿݶ 
㲻ΪڴҲɫ׶ëɫɫԶצƢɫƶ䶯ɫ 
ȡҲ֮ڽڽǶҲ߾֮ҲϪ 
ڽڽֶ֮Ϊ֮ڴڶڽݴҲۣ 
䲡ڽ䲡ڹǣǱʼ 
Ӫãۣ 
ааҸƢаа аͣ 
ѪΪصۣ 
νΪʢ˥ҲڶΪٽҲҲ˥֮Ҳ⣩ 
ŭѪʹ˱ʣҲۣͨ 
ʲҲҲݾһڸһδڷҲ˼֢з 
÷ҩ֪ҩ˺֮˳֮˲ͬ 
ӲѪѪѪѪѪѪθ֮Ѫڳ⳦ 
к֭ĭѪಫ򲢺۲ɢӣذٲʼ 
Ѫ˹Ǿ˽νˣ 
޶ȵоˮоºˮ캮ضˮˮ籩ˮӿ¤ 
а֮ҲѪаа羭ˮ֮÷Ҳ֮Ҳʱ¤ 
ѭѭȻҲʱʱСаСƽ޳Ϊȣаۣŭϲ 
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½͹ӺйӪͨййӾ 
ϢڽԽ˼йӣؾʹۣ 
ԶϢ֮Ҳ֮нйϢҲ¾ԻθԲ֮νҲ 
ʶϢ˷֮Ҳ֮Ҳ΢Ҳвˮ֮ҲˮҺ 
Ҳۣ 
˿ȷǶҲο֮״ȶϢѪĿ֮״ʹٽ繣״׺Ըο֮ 
״вʹ򲻿תת Ƣ֮״ȶвʹ米򲻿ԶȾ֮״ 
ʹѣؿۣ 
˷ǿ̸ҲƪעγԲĶϸ֤ 
ˮ͹ͳʯʯˮԱ֮ԻˮʼҲĿ΢֮״侱ʱɼ亮׸˴ˮ 
ְ丹ֶˮ֮״ҲߺƤ֮ ȻḹƤŨ丹 ɫ 
Ҳ߸Դ͵ҲɫԻƸҲߺڳӪϵ 
Ŷ ʼҲ缦绳֮״갴֮֮ʱʯ 
ڰкűͨѪкк ֹ״绳²ʱ½Ůӿɵ£ 
ˮͣԻвӺëѽҲҺǶӾβౣļ 
ڶʩ֮κ᪲ԻƽȨȥ ΢ļѴ䴦ԸοŽྻʱѲ 
ʾʢౣƽҺ 
θ֮ҲŲʾˮҲ䱾ĩڷνԾˮҲˮѨ 
ԻԻˮĿ߻Ƶʳ缢θ㣨ƽ 
Ҳں羪˸򴭺Ⱦ̿ɢʪʪ 
Ȳ Сڳ ΪгڳΪΪά˽߷žٻʹ˼Ŀä 
Ӷղ ֹڽݺƫʹƫݺʪ֮ 
ͺ纮Ϊ ߾زú֮Ϊ  
ΪηΪӪӸǺδѨԱշΪűʷ߰ٲ֮ʼҲ徻վ 
дĪ֮ܺʱ֮Ҳ߲ؾؽҲΪҲʤ˿ 
ʤϲͨа˸Ҳʳ⳦ Ϊǿ˸ 
˻֮Ҫ˹ǿ˾ƽؾ˾ͨ죩 
֮ƢвŮӲ䴫Ϊ䴫ΪϢ̫ΪΪӸ׼ 
Ϊ 䴫Ϊ䴫Ϊһƿй䴫Ϊĳ䴫Ϊһ 
ʹǷԻʶһ̫Ϊƫ֫٣ۣ 
ָԲָอԶ֮ƢΪѪ֮Ѫˮ֮Ļ ǳ˼ 
ӲʳѪӷǰڽֶ֮Ϊ֮˥ 
Ҳ̫ΪѪ֮й˥ŮӲҲ 
ƺڷηһѶηƺΪӿˮӿˮ߰ἲҹˮڴҲ 
ڷδΪڰѪСΪθʳν֮ʳθڵ 
Իʳ൨ ԨԨ²ֹҲΪ Ŀۣ 
йθйʳɫƣʳθθС仯δ 
仯֪䲡θθƢ֮ɫƣƢй߸йעʳŻ棨̫Ҳ̫֮Ϊʳ 
ʱʹйʳѾȴɫ׳ʹ˷֮ɫףСйѶŧѪٸʹС 
Ϊ֮ʱŧѪνС㲻գйＱܱ㾥ʹԻأҲνɴ˶ 
ԺСй֮ؿ֪ʮѣ֮ʼԶԸҲԱҲƹҲЦøвҲ 
񲼲ʼⲻֱֽʢҲʮѣѣڸ ڷ 
ʪƢڻʹʹйŻɥؽڻ 
ǿʪϽڻ͸Խڻǿֱڷ֮Ľ 
ᾪڻתˮҺǽˮҺγںŻᱩעȽȣҪ 
ۣ 
ʮҵҽ֮ݷʽҲҽ޲úӼȷΪΪֱ֮ͬʵȲ 
ͬвƫϼȼһ֤֤ι֮֮ʼԽָ֮ʮŷ֮Ӳ 
֤Ϊβ֮Ү͸ʵΪΪ̫οƽڻ ˮ֮ʼ 
麮׹ʪֺοƽڻ֮ڻپڸƫк 
ȲʩҲˮҺγںپˮɫڸô֮ҲŻһ֢ 
Ϫԫʩ֮ڲӦ֮˵Ƕһƫ֮ʵֹα죨ϸʶ߹ 
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ԣอƫʤ򷽿ĳͷʹĳʹͽ䲻֪ݺ 
ʵЧò¼ 
вҲԺԺиԺԺԺθԺƢϸԺԺ 
ԺԺǰԺǰԺϾغҲ¾ٸϥҲҪ΢˷ 
֮λҲѽһ˵ֱ쵱ԽΪڽʴΪȻ¶ԺԺ 
֮¶ԺԺԺԺ֮˵һ˵֮˹ԽΪʴΪ 
ȻĸԺԺ϶ǰԺǰԺı 
Ϊ߼ǰԺǰԺҲΪΪ˴ǰ֮ǰں븹 
ӦΪӦڳԳҲǰΪӦڸԸǰҲ븹ͬڳ߲ϼ 
֮ʳ֮֮иƺ֮и߹¤Ҳϸͬϼ֮ 
ϳθƢθͬҸϼƢθ֮ǰҸϳθƢϸϼ粿Ҳνؽ 
ǰϸθĽнǰϸĸǰ 
С߲߲߲߲ȣ߲ɬ߲߲ź 
ﲡ֮Ҫ߿֪ԺȥĶ޽ 
ຮ߶ȴ߶ѪСѪٻʢ΢ɬ߶Ѫ΢каอΣ 
ҲҲپԻҲ״繭Ұ֮Ҳת֮޳ҲҲǳҲ 
ߴ֮ҪҲӹ֮Ҳӹ֮Ҳѣ 
ߴپڴ˷ 
֮ǰ֮ҲŷֶԻ̫ԻΪΪڸҲԺ֮Ҳһ 
Ի̫ԻΪΪڹҲ֮Ҳѣ 
ΪδؾӦߴӦ̲ɲ֪¼֮ 
֮ƢܹζҲиҲҲķξ㸡ɢҲɬ߷Ҳ 
ξζ߸Ҳ֮妾ָʵҲƢݹ߸̻ɬҲҲɬҲһ 
һ߳Ҳһ߳Ҳһ߸ʱһҲ侭Ҳѣ 
ľ鶯ϸ֮ 
зνΪҲʱɬ̴зҲΪҲʱ 
зҲ߿߼Ŀäʮѣ 
ʱ֮Ƥë߷βҲ֮ѪĲҲ֮뼡ƢҲʮ 
֮ƽ߸βҲ֮ǾָҲѣ 
֮С֮ʵʢҲ֮С֮ʵʢҲѣ 
Ĺëʯʱ֮ҲԻȥٹԻԸԻë妶Իʯ 
ʮѣ 
Ҵ߸ҲľҲ֮ʼҲֱԳԻʵǿΪ̫ 
ʵ΢Ϊ̫ѣð񲼲䲻ʹв 繳ҲϷ 
Ҳ֮ʢҲʢȥ˥ԻʢȥʢΪ̫ʢȥʢΪ̫ 
ʹΪ䲻˷ϼΪй縡߷ҲҲ֮ճҲԸȥ 
ɢԻëΪ̫ë΢Ϊ̫ʹȻ䲻 
ѪŲӪҲˮҲ֮ԺϲҲԲԻӪ絯ʯΪ̫ 
ȥߴΪ̫˽ ʹ䲻粡 弹ʹٸ 
СƢҲ²ԹҲ߲ɵü߿ɼˮ֮ߴΪ̫֮ߴΪ 
̫֫䲻˾ϲͨԻǿأ 
θ΢ԻƽҶθԻβθԻԻθأθëԻﲡëԻ񲡲 
ɢڸθβؽĤ֮Ҳθ΢ԻƽθԻĲθԻθʯԻʯԻ񲡲ͨĲѪ֮ 
Ҳθ΢ԻƽθԻƢθԻʯԻʯԻ񲡲ƢƢؼ֮Ҳθ΢ëԻƽ 
ëθԻβëθԻëԻԻ񲡲ڷӪҲθ΢ʯԻƽʯθԻʯ 
θԻʯйԻĲԻ񲡲ع֮Ҳƽ 
Լɫʤ֮߼߲֮ѺνҲԻɫԼ浱Ӧɫ 
Ҷɫɢɫлɫɬɫ妶ΪӦҲɫζ 
Ӧ䲻Ӧ߲Ҳɫࣨľɬ̣ν˸ľƢľ֮Ϊʤ򸡴ɢ 
Ļ˸ľСˮľΪҲʮѣ 
ʮԸɫζҺɫζҺƢɫζҺѷɫ 
ζҺɫζҺ٣ʮѣɫƢζҺʮ 
ѣ 
ø֤ƽŭ֤ж֮ʹ䲡֫ѱת߸Ҳ߷Ҳ 
֤ڸЦ֤ж֮ʹ䲡ʹȶ Ҳ߷ҲƢ 
֤˼ζ֤ж֮ʹ䲡ʳؽʹ֫ƢҲ 
Ҳ÷֤籯֤ж֮ʹ䲡߷Ҳ߷Ҳ 
֤ƿǷ֤ж֮ʹ䲡СʹйֺҲ߷Ҳ 
ʮѣ 
ɢߵԼѪɢߵູҲ 
ɫ൱׹Ѫв˴ɢɫߵ߿ʱڼƤθ֮Ҳθ 
ɫ൱ɢߵʳƢɫƵɢɫߵ ˮ״Ҳ 
ɫƶߵɢߵѪҲִΪҲȥʵΪۼ 
ȥʵΪҲϸҲɢΪ ͣҪ΢ 
ԻвлкʹԻٸʹԻɬԻԻԻʢԻͳɬν֮ 
ⰲʢν֮Ѫɬνູ֮ߺϸν֮йߴֳν֮Уƽ 
֫߱ѪбԻʯˮٸ׶ν֮ν֮ν֮ˮһһν֮ 
ν֮鳦 ν֮νۣ֮ 
̫ҲνҲıҲΪȷ۸̥ڸѪ̥Ȼʢ 
гԺг߶ıȻҲ֮ΪҲΪŮ޶Ϫҽֶ֮ҽ֮ 
Ѹ֮ΪŮҲΪȻΪ 
Ҳƽ 
ߴ綹ʶҡҲ̫ƺֱСָ̫Ԩ±ȫԪڳ 
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֪֮ҲԻваҲظۣŮϵȰ֮Ҳ 
˱ͬ︾мвмв֮ʵıΪݶ 
гߴͬȶ໳ߵڸ֮䰴֮ʵҲ 
һٶһٶϢ嶯ԻƽһһһһԻһһԻ 
³߲ԻɬԻԣ·㶥ڣһĶԻԻէէ 
Իƽ 
νҲԻһԻƽԻ뾭ԻᾫԻԻ֮ҲһһԻ뾭ٺһ 
ԻᾫһԻĺһԻ֮ҲҲһƤëƤ۶ëѪѪ 
ٲӪڼ⼡ʳΪڽճڹǹڴ 
߹ڴƤ۶ëߵӪƢߵʳ亮 
߻侫Ҳʮѣ 
ԫ֮Ҳк𽥼ʵθ򲻿Ҳ𽥼 
˿̹Ƣ򲻿Ҳ¸ˮͨķɫ׸ƢθȲҶǰʳٱ 
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дСһһϸҹһһһһԻмŴѪԲҲٺ 
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ʢɬȲ֮㸡֮֮ɢɬ²֮֪ξ֮Ҳ侭ڶȡ֮ʮѣ 
аʢʵ鳦 Ѫ °ĭ ŧѪ 
 ֮绬ɬԲ֮񲼲󻬾Сἱʵ 
󲡾ÿСᲡòΣͨʵ 
֮էէСէէ̫̫֮֮֮֮ϸ΢֮ 
ش˷ƽǲҲüüü̫ü̫ü 
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Ϊ֮г֮и֦ҶݸиԪ֪ʮѣ 
ʮһֹһߺβҲԻζ֪һҲʮһ 
ѣ 
һ߲֮ҲйŧѪҪ΢ೲѣشۣ 
űʮָѪѪѣűۣĿߵøǿ÷̶ɬҲ 
Ŀʵóɬ΢ҲѪϸҲ 
ϸ΢Ҳ󸹶й΢ϸɬҲʮѣ 
вл΢΢óͬȥʱһֹ޳Ҳн 
ҲҲұӦ޻󼲻л۶󼲶 
ΪӦӦʮѣ 
ӳŮӳʢеŮΪ㲡֮ҵ֮ŮΪ̫֮֫ 
ҵ֮ңʮѣ 
⼱ѭȻ簴ɪɫײѭ޲Ȼɫڲ 
ë˷ɫ׳಻ָʯٱȻɫڻƲƢէէɫ಻ 
أ 
ɫãʹ 
߱ҲƢüҲľͥҲĻެ߼ղҲν𣩱߶Ҳˮɫ 
ȧĸָ߲СȧνĻ˽ԻɫͥĸָزͥĻ 
Ϊˮɫˮ˻Իһ֮Ҳಿɫۣ 
ͫӸ̫㣨Һ㣩̫Ѿźۣʢʤ˿֮ʪҲ 
Զ΢˸ߴ˶Ҳ±ƶ񲻱ߴ֮Ҳͷ߾֮ͷ񽫶ӱ֮ 
渮֮תҡϥ߽֮첻͸ӹܾ֮ 
ǽʢˮ־ʢδʢɱʢηʢζȡ 
ʢŭʢο޶̳ξڳˣҪ΢ 
ϢΣ΢ּ 

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ԣھηҩȻζѾܴ֮ͨ߶ 
֮ζ֮幬ζζԽƢ˾ζ̴Ͷ̼ζڸɫ 
ζڿƢθŨζڳھ루ۣͨ 
ο༱ʳԻ֮Ŀ໺ʳ֮Ƣʪʳ֮ο漱ʳй֮Ｑʳ֮ 
½ҺͨҲزʱۣ 
ɢʳɢ֮֮к֮ʳ̲֮֮к֮ƢʳԻ֮ÿк֮ʲ֮ 
ռʳ֮Ჹ֮к֮ἱʳԼ֮ÿಹ֮к֮ͬϣ 
޶ʳѪѪ޶ʳ̿߹ǹǲ޶ʳⲡ޶ʳ߽޶ʳᣨ 
ʳѪɫʳƤ¶ëζʳצݶʳضҶʳʹ䣨 
ɣ 
ɫʳʾţԸɫʳСȮ½ɫʳޯԿƢɫʳ̴ 
޽ɫʳҴнɢոʻҩаΪΪΪΪ䲹澫 
زʱۣһ֮Ҳż֮Ҳ֮Ҳż֮Ҳ֮Զż߲֮ 
߲żԻԼζŨζżСԶżС 
֮ȥż֮νطż֮ȥȡ֮ν䲡ҲҪۣ 
һ֮СҲһ֮Ҳһ֮Ҳ֮߾֮֮㲹֮֮ 
֮΢֮ߴ֮֮ɢ֮߻֮ɢ֮֮ƽ֮δ߷ú 
ͨͨñطʼͬ֮ȡ֮֮ȡ֮Ҳ֮ν 
֮νӦ֮νʹƷ֮νҲͬϣ 
β֮߶ζǰиԽ֮֮ʵаҲ˸֮߾֮ 
֮Ҳ౧֮֮ѹ֮˶֮ 
߲֮زѪҲ鶯֮ҩΪ׸ٽ֮׹һǱһ 
լһĪཱུ֮֮֮һô֮һǱһ 
ĪǾ֮֮˾ԫΪ֮ｵΪﶬ֮ɱ֮˵ƫȫ 
ȡ֮²ȡ֮ϲȡ֮Ժ¶֮κ֮֮ȶ֮ 
峣ۣ 
βʮȥβʮȥСβʮȥ޶βʮȥŹʳ֮ʹ֮Ҳ 
и編ȫϣ 
޷Ⱥ޷ԶȹﲻԶľ֮֮֮й֮ˮ֮Ԫʹۣв 
ʳĺʳΪԼʸһ֪в֧ʳҺѪ֫Ŀѣʱʱ 
ǰѪѪݴ˵֮ʱѪ뷿߸˹˥ٲҲ һ ﲢ֮ȸ 
СΪԱ֭м˸Ҳظۣ 
¾δ¼֮ 
вŭҲ۶ѾŭҲʷʳʶʳΪ 
Ҳви躹ԡƷкʮָֺΪ󷹣زۣ 
вڸߴ֮ҲԻƢ˱ʳҲȸתΪ֮ 
Ҳ没ۣ 
̺ҩٷó¾ƶʮһɽһһﷲֽ վһϸײɲھþ 
ʸиǷͿʹйҹظ֮ɸԾ֭ÿձ ˳ɸɲΪ߳ 
Ϊ߽ɣ̿˽ٺ֮ڲ˽֮ʮֹԽʮֹ 
޼ÿ̱ٴνȱԿѣزᣩ 
֮ƧĿĿսкƿڻչƧ伱 
׾ƺ͹Ϳ仺ɣ֮ɣ֮̿иԸټⲻǿ֮Ϊ֮Զ 
ٴ֪Ϊȣ龭 
ĿҲʢĿ԰һͨ 
ˮǧ֮߰ȡέнһΰ촶һȥ֭һС 
֪Ϊ䲡·߸Ծѣаͣ 
 
׼֮ͳ֮Ҹ֮ͳ֮֮ˮͳ֮֮ľͳ֮֮ͳ֮ԪͣΪ 
Ϊƾλͬϣ֮ϼδ֮ϼ̫֮ϼî֮ϼ֮ 
ϼ̫Ⱥ֮ϼͬϼ˾죩֮Ϸ̫֮֮֮֮ʪ֮֮ 
̫֮֮֮֮Ϻ֮ͬϣ 
˼Լ֮Ҳ֮ν֮֮ 
ν֮อʷԵҲΪڵΪľΪΪڵΪ 
ΪΪʪڵΪΪƢΪڵΪΪΪڵΪˮΪҽмƪ 
ೢ÷֮һ߹ͨж϶ϲҮ֮֮ƫĶ©̫ 
֮ʪ֮ƫƢ©ָԼԷָ̫ԼȻͬһ 
к۷ʪԲۺԸ޷ǿѿ֮ӲһνҲ˼ 
ľˮֺԾ־ҲмһָอȻһָ 
̫ΪСҲֹ̫Ի֮мԻ֮м̫Ϊ 
Ҳ˿νĺȻҽȵپ޲ù¼֮ 
ϼ̫̫̫̫̫̫ 
Ӫ˴˾֮Ҽ̫̫̫ 
̫̫̫̫̫ 
Ӫ¼ȪȪҼ̫̫֮֮֮֮֮֮֮ 
̫̫֮֮֮֮֮ν֮Ҳ΢ּ 
֮ϻ֮м֮֮м̫̫֮Ϻ֮м֮Ϸ֮м 
֮֮м̫̫֮ʪ֮мνҲ֮֮Ҳ֮֮Ҳͬϣ 
֮֮֮µ֮֮֮ͬϣ 
ӦΪΪֱΪΣԪͣ 
ľîļˮν֮ƽҲ΢ּἴֱ 
֮ϼ̫֮ϼ֮ϼľ֮ϼˮ֮ϼ̫֮Ҳͬ 
ἴ 
ϴ̫Ҳͬϣ 
ΪִΪ̫Ϊִ䲡ٶΣ䲡й䲡ͬϣ 
˾仯Է˾仯̫˾仯ʪ˾仯Ի˾仯̫˾仯Ժ 
ٲλ䲡ҲػͬȻ˾ΪͲҪۣ 
βֻӺ 
֣֮Ҿ֮λҲ֮һС֮һ֮һ֣ 
֮һСѩˮ֮һ󺮣ľ֮һ֮֮ˮ֮ˮλ֮֮ 
λ֮·֮λ֮½֮λ֮»֮֮֮򺦳ƣ΢ּ 
ľˮˮľľˮˮ˻˽𸴿ľ绷޶˴˹ 
Ȼ֮ҲһΪб绷߶ת֮׸ֺ֮֮֮Ү 
ԪһƪԼֲǲѡ֮Ա¼Լֱ֮Ի˿˴ 
һ֮׼ΪҸΪ̱ˮΪľΪΪΪ̫Ϊ֪˿ 
˷ֲս˽ǣľֺʮսâֺʮս˹ս 
սˮΪ̫ΪΪ̫̫̫̫ 
̫˼Ϊٹٽ̫ٹ̫˴ΪΪ 
̫̫ӳ̼Ӷ̫ٽǼ̫˴ΪҲ 
֮ȪڲӦȪҲӦ̫ȪӦ֮˾ڲӦ˾ҲӦ 
̫˾Ӧ֮粻Ӧ߲Ӧ֮粻ӦȪ߲Ӧͬ 
ҪۣȪԿԸʻ֮ɢ̺֮Ըʿ֮Կ෢֮ʪ 
ԿᵭԿ֮Եй֮Կ֮Կ෢֮ԿԸ 
֮ԸԿк֮֮Կ֮ͬϣ 

