<ƪ>з
з
ߣ  
塤  
ݣԪ1644-1911  

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<ƪ>
ԣũƵۡ᪲ƣʥ֮ʣ֮£ҽü࣬ʵ 
ศУ֮䡣ҽ֮ѧھӡʺҺ 
ҲǨັ֪ߣѧ콵Ϊҽ͡ҽȵ֮ٱҲ 
ʼ 
ֹ̫֮Ԫپ֮ͽԾֹԪ޴飬ΩپС˺ 
ѡ飬ʵ롶Һ顷ءѾΪҽѧ֮Ҳ 
̫ҽͣԭģҽѧʼޡ֮ߡ 
ұ롶顷ءѾܷϡڲŹžھ 
ܡԵòʧʵ࣬ȥԶӡҽ飬רִ 
ĸƢߵľˮ̸ֽʵ壬ĪһᣬΪϰףβ 
ʱ᪡¬ʥͶ֮ĿΪ֣ΪѧǳªΩڹʥ֮ 
ģﲡӪھ󣬽۲ͬԢԢ 
Σǳáʵ֮Уж 
Сʵβ֮ò֮Ծڸڰ 
Ҳ 
\xϴ긦\x 

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<ƪ>
ԣзۡһ飬ţ޿Ҳļ䣬ҽ 
ȪҲسϲھΪзۣзһ֢мأȫһ 
ģ¼֮ѯȪơü켾꣬԰Ƴһʱ 
ҽܾԶǧ֤ѧ԰ۣ֪׫ǫز 
ʾˡһ԰ʿ˽ô鴫֮ټڵװ 
 
ۡϿ̶δҲģҶֲ⿯ҽ飬Դ۸棬Ȼʸ 
Уۣ֮һ֮ɣá㿢£Ե˼Ŀ 
ͣ޴֮ãֲܣܲҽһ¼֣б޴飬 
ֲܩޣ̡ȫ֮ŨҲ 
\xʱׯ\x 

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<ƪ>
ԣβػ꣬絨ľڴԵΪ 
뵨ΣŭҺΪᣬĿอ֮ߣ 
Ҳи֧䣬ո̸ 
ĲСľģСΪ 
̫СģľΪࡣ 
Σľ£У 
ģΪΣУϲЦҺΪ 
 
Ƣ⣬̫ƢθļʪļθΪ 
θƢ˼裬ҺΪѣٿڡ 
βǣ̫󳦣ԴΪ 
ΣޣҺΪ飬ٱǡ 
ؾǣǣҲؾףˮ 
 
ΪΪľΪȻ̣а֣֮ȥ 
֮ãΪҲ 
ҲΣרľ£֮Ʃ˾ʩ 
ҲΪ𣬿֮顷ءѾپ飬޴˵ 
ҳߣ𣬹ΪǱοָ 
ʡʡ֮Ѩ֮ԻУǴ֮Ҳࡷ軤֮֬Ĥ֮Ի 
İ磬Ǵڶ֮Ҳ߽ǽǱҲΨ֣Ǳ 
£Ϊ֮Ի 
Σ֮ڸҲȵΪԭ˳θнҺ֮Ҳ 
ھνУԻҲ֮ŭ֮֮ǡ 
Ƣ֮˼ԱΪáھν½ҲϽ 
֮ʳɡн֮½֮ԱΪã˶߽Ρ 
Ԫ̨ν֬ߣҲ 
öΪΪšؾŮϵԳڡ 
ѾڡھȻھνΪѪѭϵνӶ̫ʢ 
ʼŮӶ̫ʢʱ¡ν£йٶ룻 
Ů£й벻಻ۡѾԲؾ 
Ůϵ֮Ϊߣھ֮ѭϵνŮ֮ 
ԴҲԻ֮ŶˮҲǻҲ֮νΪ 
ˮΪʱ䷴ô˷ڮ١Ѿ֪ҽھȫȻ 
ʶ飬пź 
ʡΪȻ޻ӣ޻ 
ǺҲԻ֮ھν½Ѿν䶯 
ν֮ԭҲ֮Ұ֮κר֮Ү 
ھԻó֮ν֮ŮžﻯؾҲν֮ 
϶ĲҲν֪֮꣨ʶβػҲ 
ν֮ǣѪ˶βҲν֮⣨Ƣ˼ʲ⣩ƶν 
֮ǣΪ֮٣ʲǣ֮أν֮νҲ 
ԲɲΪȻھѾ۲Ϊߣָ 
֮νΪ֮ܲҲƩŭΪ֮֮֮ܲԣ 
ھνŭҲΪ֮֮֮ܲݣ 
νƿҲ鲻֪֮ܲʩΣҩӡ 
Ϊ֮ΪߣΪҲΪ֮Ϊ 
ߣΪҲΨΪ徻֮أܻǣߣΪҲ 
ھνอȡڵʵΪ֮١ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>۾
ԣӪѪҲӪУ 
Դ£ְ֮жҲʡΪθ֮Ѩ 
ΪƢ֮ѨӪѪˮƢθơֻһѨ£ 
УŮ˽Ȼ˵Ҫ֮Ѩھ֮壬֮ 
Ҿ֪Ϊ£Ϊ̾Ҹ磬ڸ磩 
һ̫ξѨעΣҸִָˣǴ 
ҲΣ 
ڶ󳦾ӴбۣˣͷǴͷҲ 
󳦣 
θͷϽǰǰ㱳ǴͷҲθ 
ģ̫ƢָǰϥأעУǴҲƢ 
壬ľнǰ СָǴҲģ 
̫ССָǰͷǴͷҲС 
ߣ̫׾ͷϽǰɱСָǴͷҲף 
 
ڰˣΣŮΣϽǰᣬתӸ㣨 
 
ھţĽǰϥڶأǴҲ 
ʮнǰ ָǴ֣ɢУ 
ʮһָǰ࣬ǴͷҲ 
 
ʮͷ϶ǰ֮㣬ǴͷҲ뵨 
ʮξ½ǰϥУעڷΣǴҲ 
Σ 
߱ϣȻעΣҸ̫ 
Դ󣬲׺Ȼٽڶ 
ͷͷм뾱ѭֱβǣ֧ǰ 
ֻһ磩 
ǰǰɸмأעڷΣΪܶʼһޣ 
ʮΡΣʮʮɶߣһϢƣ 
ʮϢ 
εڡ ӪУ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>۾ǳ
ԣҲ⣩ 
ͷһӣڿ֮Ҳʮڿ֮ҲȻ 
˿ǳͬں 
һΪ̫֮أ̫̫ζһΪʢ֮ 
ء 
ڶΪ֮أΪܻ֮ء 
Ϊ֮أΪ֮ء 
ΪΪ֮硣 
ĲΪ̫֮أ̫̫Ϊ֮ء 
㣬Ϊ֮أΪ˲֮أڴ 
㣬 
Ϊ֮أΪ֮أӣ 
 
Ϊ 
ߣô˲ǳƪ֪֪ƫ֮רӡ 
ʮ֧ͨอߣΪ磬֮ɴˡ 
ʮཻӴΪ磨̫ 
̫ࣩ֮ͷڸޱ硣 
ʮСѨԳߣΪ磨С磬Ѫ磩ʮ 
Ѩʮ硣䲡ᡣ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>澭
ԣάѨԳ֮Ҳ 
άѨԳ֮Ҳ 
Σ̫֧֮ͨҲΪΪ硣 
Σ֧̫֮ͨҲŮΪΪ硣 
һ֮硣 
ǰһ֮硣 
ߣʮѨ˽Գ磬Ӫ֮ȡ 
ΪѪѭУ֮ͨؾŮ֮ϵӹΪ 
ӳҲѾνΪţ˳иңѨԡ 
ѪҺΪ;ʮ֮ߣΪӪѪζ 
ҲӸעͨߣΪӴҲӪѪ·Դ 
УжӦ֣ѪӸעУѪ² 
֮ԲͬҲӪѪʲˣ֮Ѫԭпй 
˳Ѫ಻ӪѪΪԶأѪΪԽҲ 
ͨϵҲ 
϶ߣԲӪ֮ȣƣ澭 
˰ߣѪ֮ҲھΪаѪ磬ѾΪ澭Ѫ 
֮ߣ紨֮Ѫ֮ߣ֮ᣬô󲡶Ʃά֮Ѫ 
ϣΪ֮ࣻά֮Ѫ£ΪѪѪ֮ࣻάͬΪ 
ѪŻѪ֮࣬ϹҲΪΪ©֮ࡣھѾ 
ʱ䱲νа֮žȲϣ֤֮಻ȷּٴΪ֮˵ 
ʶĪڿ񩣬ƽӣ֮ 
ʵҲΩ粡ᣬأأಡء 
֮󷨡 
ʵȻ֮Ѫʼɵö֪֮ӡӪ 
 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣ֮жһԻ֮У֮ˮҲˮж 
ˮ಻Թƽ˶ҲԹ۱գͨҲ 
ζգʹ֮ʥзȴ֮壬ȫƾΪɡ֮࣬ 
ΪھνͨڷҲд¡ȡļʪͬ 
ƽˣʧƽ򲡣ھνʳҲһԻʳθ 
ˮҲԹƽ˾򼢣Թ ʳʣ֮˿֪ӡζ 
ᣬǣȫƾΪ룬ʳ֮ȨƢΪ 
νͨҲʳߣΪ֮Ҳʳߣӥ֮Ҳ 
ʳߣţ֮Ҳζľᣬ߿࣬ˮ̣߸ 
ھνʳζҲӤ̥УΪʳ 
ĸҲΣҽ֮ΣҽҶ಻֪Ϊö 
ԣ޹ҽ֮ªҲ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣߣ˺֮䡣ھԻϽԻú 
롣֮ҶߣУԻҲ֮Ω 
󣬴˼Ҳͷ֮ȡУİ磬 
Ҳľ£Ϊ𡣸Ϊ𣬶˹Ϊߣ֮ҲΪ 
 
ľ£ӪѪжӪѪҲѨԴڸ 
һһϢһϢ磬ھ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>Ӫ
ԣӪӪѪҲѪУ֮֮Ҳʳ֮ԻӪʳ 
ˮ֮ҺʡھԻˮθΪӪѪԻˮθ 
ƢƢΪθҺ˻ΪѪԷԻӪнн 
ˮ֮ҲнѪΪ;ӸעڳΪѪѪ 
ҲӸڶʮΪӪѪ򶯶ֹҲӪѪжȣ֮ 
֣֮ͷ֮ͷ㣬֮߸ʮ 
ʮжҽͨԷ֮Ӫߣؼңؼ 
 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣάȺΪ֪˶֮ҲһҲ϶ 
֮Ϊ֮Ҳ˺Ϻʳζգ 
֮ 
ԻʳθΪ  ʲУ 
⣬֮ԲͬӪҲ 
塢ãνߣ֮Ҳھν½ 
 
ʼ½֮֬أ֬УԻ½ƩƸ 
ͣϢҲʺָΪˮ֮𡣲Ҳ֮Կȼ֮ 
Īڸӡνߣ֦֮ҶҲ己࣬ 
һԻü½ϽӦģΪϲЦӦ 
ڷ 
Ϊ˼衣֮ԻҲ 
һԻüˮȻ½ϺӦθɣӦڵ 
ӦСӦڴͣӦڰ֮ܶԻн 
ҺҲС֮ϣ֮˾Ѿν֮ԭ 
һԻóھ·֡Ҳ֣֮Ϊ֮ 
 
Ϊ֮ãͷ־Ϊ֮ã㾭Ϊ֮ã࣬ 
ڸʳ롣֮ΪҲһʱֳҲ 
Ҳ̫ζΣֶ֮עĿ϶ӡߣ֮ 
ãҲ֮ãҲʳ֮裬ڸҲΨע 
ģעΣӷעΣӸעƢƢעѭȻע֮࣬ 
ΪãʵۣΪΡҹ֮Σ֮Ϊߣ 
֮ϰҲ߽Ȼ֮ΪҲ룬һʱҲ 
£ǿ֮ʹΪ廣غǷھν£ϣ 
ǷҲ 
һԻǳ⣬ھνΪҲѾΪа֮ 
 
˺ˣîʱδʱһ̫ʱ 
ӳʱĲ̫ӳʱîʱ̫ 
ʢΪΪˣӣ˷Ѿأʦ 
ۡƪͬ¿ϣжǳҲԻáʡͨԻ 
ƪרߣ֮գ쳣չɼߣƩ½Ϊ 
б½ΪҲǳƩճΪΪ磬ΪҲھһ 
̫Ŀ֮ӡ жѸʴ󿪺֮ 
Сϣھ֮գϲӡ 
һԻҡжȣǳ֮ҽ֮ͨΪ 
Ҳ 
ۣ㡢֮ȺҲһʱգ㡢֮Ⱥǳ 
ҲȻɼҷֲӡԲ֮ߣ򲻼󣬲򲻼 
ʦơ÷ָˣзԶƫ֢֮Ҳԫʶ˷ 
ΪѪΪȻв󲻹ҲѪ˵ǳª֮ҽ֮ܳ 
֮ɹ֡ 
ϽԴӡ顷ءѾѡ鿼֤ȷ䣬ʩ֮ҽЧ 
֮ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣ֪֪֮֮ɲ顷ء֮Ҳ 
顷ءνӭΪ֮ӭѨҲָΪѾν 
ôھŷ֣óһ硣޹زǿΣֽ澭Ÿ 
Ϊŵ鵮濰ΪġСظΡף 
Ρ󳦣ҹƢθҳš䷨ڡ顷ءѾ 
֮ʦУҲиΪߵߡ֮ 
ܺڵ֮ԻʦνߴߣԻ˺Դ˲λ֮ 
ԲֹԻ̫Ү֪ӦӡȻ֮ 
ҲΩ顷ءѾپ֮˹ʥݣ䷨ͬժ 
Ҫ 
һԻ﷨ʮҲⲡھڲطھΪ 
ﲡһҪʢҲԲӪѪӪ 
ѪʢҲھȡӭѨΪԺȡִڣ 
ڣΪ̫ԺӪѪ䷨ӭʢһΪΪ 
Ϊ̫ʢӭһΪΪΪ̫ 
Ѿ䷨ֳߴУԴߺΪ֮硣ߴϷ 
硶ھӭҲʦ֮롶Ѿͬ 
һԻ﷨ǳΪ㡣һ㣬ΪΡھνƤëΪ֮ϡ 
νڷΡѾν֮ءʦͬڶ㣬ԸΪġھνѪΪ 
֮ϡνĲѪ֮Ѿν֮ءʦͬ㣬֮ΪƢ 
ھνΪƢ֮ϡνƢؼ֮Ѿνþ֮ءʦͬĲ 
ԳΪΡھνýΪ֮ϡνøβؽĤ֮Ѿνʮ֮ 
ʦͬ㣬ΪھνùΪ֮ϡνع֮Ѿ 
νð֮ǡʦͬ 
ߣԼΪΪಡļΪ󳦣ϸΪΣ 
ΪΪಡɬΪ󳦣ɬΪΣơ 
ߣɬëĺ顢ƢҡʯҲļ飬Ϊ 
̽ơ 
϶ƽ򲻼Ω˼֮粡ھ֮رڳ粡 
֮رڳ䲡ʮʧһ 
һԻƽ﷨ƽߣ΢ҡ΢顢΢ë΢ʯʱкͻθ 
Ի΢Ҳ΢ҲΪߣҡĵ顢ﵫëʯʱ޺ 
θԻҲҲΪǿӪѪ 
д¡ȡ֮ӣӦ֮дҡĺ顢ëʯ֮ӡӪѪ 
ʳԾרг䣬ڣʷ伣Ϊ΢ҡ΢顢΢ë 
΢ʯԻθҲθӪѪ棬нֹУҡ顢ëʯ 
ѣԻҲߣΪθ 
಻ɾȣθߣ伫Σ֮пԻ˲ 
ߣߣҲ˷˺ؼаʢ֮θ֮ 
ϸ档˺ʮԺô˷ 
һԻ﷨䷨ 
һǺ﷨һϢΪƽΪΪ٣ΪɢʱһֹΪ 
ʱһֹΪᣬֹжԻ 
һָ﷨ȡԻȡԻУжȡޣԻңޣ 
ȡУԻΣޡУԻСޣԻԻʵԻ妡 
һ״﷨ԻԻɬԻ飬СԻϸָԻԻ̣ 
ԻԻֱԻңʶҡԻ 
Ϸʮ֮Ը﷨Ϸ࣬أʽ¼ 
 
Ͻ꡶顷ءʦ֮֮𣬻򣬻 
򣬵ȡҪзߣں 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>۲
ԣ֮纮ʪȣ˷֮ﺮҲʳϲŭ 
֡ҲߣԸ֮ĳࣩ֮֮ 
ĳ֢֮ͷʹиʹࣩ֮ҸӦ֮࣬ĳ֮Ĳ 
飬βʮࣩ֮ĳ֢֮ĲЦβŭࣩ֮˽ȷ 
 
Ҫ֪̿Ҳ֢䲻Ƴܱһδͬ 
ܱθɾݣԺͻΪθ˴ӹʥഫҪԲˬҲ֮ţ 
ۣרԷ֮ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>з
ԣΪа֮˶֪֮ӡ˺֮з磬ƫ֮з磬Ȼ֮ͬ 
Խǧ꣬һ˵ɼҶҲⲻ֪ڡ顷ء 
δǳ˺֮з磬֮磬ڡʡӪ˴ƪϵʱ 
ӪѪҲҲӪУʳ 
ж緢ȵ֢ӪѪҵעʲҾ㲡ƫ֢֮ƫ֮з磬 
˰˷֮磬ࡷƵ᪲۰˷ƪУķϮҲ 
һ磬ӪѪ޶緢ȵ֢ҷֲ߸ʲ 
߲ң߲󣬴ƫ֢֮Ҳ֪֮ԴͷӡרͰ˷֮ 
 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>۰˷
ԣ䷨ֶϡΪֶַϡϡΪάϼΪ˷ 
Ϸȡ¡纮Ϸ¶ȡϷȡ纮 
纮ƽҲ̫ӡᣬҲ᣻أ 
 
˷֮ȺֻԶϱ֮ʱУ֮¡ȡ 
һʱ߲ͬҲ 
壬ھνΪ̣Ѿνа֮Ҳܣ 
а֣϶аϮ֮ӡ϶ͷ棬Ϊ ѣ 
Ҳ϶־ڱۣΪ۲ٶѣͷҲ϶㾭 
࣬ΪĳضѣͷֹҲ϶϶ 
ңҶݶɬ֮౾ 
ཡľҲҭҴ㲻 
У̫ײǣСնܳ԰ȫƾ 
ΪаϮҲ֢ö٣ܸ϶֮ڶھ 
Իа֮գ顣Աģľ߲룬ƤڣνҲԴ֢෢ 
Ժ֮ˣ˥Ҳ׳֮ˣһʢҲ˲ 
֮壬Ѫ֮˵ʧ֮ԶӡνѪڷߣ಻Уⲻ֪ڷ֮ 
֮϶ѪҲ϶а֮Իڷ 
Ҳ½Ϊ֮ھν䶯Ҳ俪³䣬 
 
ҷֲ֮ʼ̥ʱףҲԢɣ俪³ 
䣬ҷֲھ֮ȷߣشֹʶ 
֮ȻԻ䶯ߣΪ֪˶֮ʼһԳ֮ 
ƽ֪˶Ȼˬһ޲һв֪˶ز 
ƽ֮ˬӡơ׾٣ʤΪƩ 
ңҡڽ֮ бȻߣڱ ң 
ߣڱ Ȼߣãڻգұãǣ 
мʱ ңڽǾڴߣҸһ߷´ˡ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣУҾ㲻أ˶֪ʹߣΪʣ˼ʦν䲡 
䲡ߣȻ⧷費֪Ҳңһᣬ˼ʦνƫҲ꡶ 
ѡ˶ߣԲ֮Ҳз࣬򲻿ɾӡ򵫿 б򵫱۲ 
㲻ãೲԣľжľʣߣԲ֮ 
öΣܽӣҶʮΪ󾭣ʮѨΪ磩 
߼أֻڶռ䣬ڴᣬʼɽᣬв 
ҩߡ 
ϴӲ֮Ҳ 
ӦΪ֪Ϊ˶ԭӦߺãʹ 
Ŀ˼꣬аһӦһ߲Ϊã֪ 
Ϊ֮ٶӡνһУҲз֮Ͷ֮ƽ 
ˬ֮ˣΪǰ֮ǰ־ 
Ҳ֪˶ѳٶۡ˽۲а˥δҲ 
 
費֪ˡһߣ費֪ˣСߣ費֪ˡΪаϮ 
Ҳһպ󣬻߰պа˥֮ߣδ踴δ 
ߣ˶ʼӡպ󣬻һºδ֮ؽȼ 
֮ƫཥӡ֮÷δ֮ȿɽ֮ 
ֿ߾ƽ֪˶Ȼӡ֮費֪ 
ˣ̵٣һ֮ƽѣа΢֮Ҳһպʼƽ 
ѣа֮Ҳ߰պ󣬻ʮպʼƽѣа 
֮شҲԲƽѣϢߣаأֱ࣬ 
ȥ֮ɾҲ 
ϴа֮΢Ҳ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ۺ
ԣƫ֮磬ķ֮λ˷֮ȣ˺֮磬ʱ֮֮߾Ȼͬ 
ǰ˷֮ȣʱҲ˷֮磬伸΢죬ʥܲʶƵ 
һƪҾãȻְָ֪ܲʶ˷գᱲ䲻֮δΣδ 
ɱ֮ţ򵱾ݳ֢֮Ϊϡ֮ߡôӶ࣬ϣ 
裨ߣҲĿбתس࣬ؽ 
ậȣĿ֮к촦ذף˪ۣƤ 
νëҲĿӷסӱϣغڣѷ죬Ϣ 
ߺԺ˯ҲĿ֮кڴάϲҲ 
ƣػƺڣ߶ѹسʪճ֣Ŀ֮ػơ䶫ϡϡ 
䷽֮Ϊϡ 
֢һ֢ǣϤҲ˽Դ֮亮Ҳ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>֤
ԣʱߣ֢лߣʮ֢ 
⧷ػ費֪ˡ 
̵ʢ̵ѼҺһҲнҺ 
ǽҺžУ֮£ںҲ֮֮£ 
֮֮ҽҩ̵ߣҲˣδ֢ͶԴ 
Ƥ˷к֮ͬȻΪааϣʷ 
 
жнҺҺԾУ֮Ϊ֮ʶ 
ԺΪаԺ֮ҺҲаԼ 
Ƥë׿գʺԳ޺ߣҲ 
а۰˷磩 
ءᣬһ߲ء 
֢ʱҲ֢зӡ 
ɬೲԡΪŻϹѨ˷֮ 
֮лҲ౾Ϊˣೲԣɬ 
ţᡣڸߣΪԭԼţ 
ܴͣʱսᡣнһգʯߣʤҲбʮ 
 
С磬СաΨ½ΪʢڸΪȻȴӰ 
ʡھײơгϣϣˮҺ֮עףȫƾ½ 
룬˴С֮ھߣԱס 
̫Ϊ磻ΪաνΪߣҲ 
ӡСоó֮෢ߣ½ȣˮҺȻʳ 
壬ξǳȣ֮Ҳξ䣬֮Ҳϴ 
Ϊ麮ССΣñɫ׽塣С½ҲָΪ 
 
±١½䶯֮ߣΪˣ½ߣղ 
йʱ١зƫ֮󣬷ӡȻƫ̲ߣ 
Ҳ 
ˣȡ½й䶯ǿȻƫת 
ߡһѻˣҩƫ꣬¸ǿ֪֢ٹ 
ҩ 
ļ£ҲнͣΪˮˮͣ£˼£꡶ھ 
 
ǶɡˣȡҲ 
ʳ˷ǲʳ˸вһߣ٣ˮҲ 
 
ƼΩ֮ھνҲһѻˣ̺ 
֮ҩһնƫ Ƨ 
ķ¡⣬ϣĿΪ֮꡶ھ 
̰ԡΩ֮ʦԻ֮Ϊ¡ 
Ƿֹһ֮һδ֮ 
ϣ£ʺǷ֢ࡣ 
ͷʹ繿аʢҲ֮ͷԣͷʹ 
򱳷ۡаʢ̫Ҳڱа֮Լ 
 
鳸зֻ֮һ߶֢أ˷аӪ֣ʼ֢ר 
޴֢Ҳ 
ʮ֢ʱлҲ 
֢֮ƫз֢֮޴ӡл֢֮а 
ʵ֮ӲͬʲвͬҲ˽Դ֮ 
վãٱ䣬ٱ䣬ʥ಻ҲȻ 
пԼ֮񲢸¡ 
һƫվã¹ǽ֮䡢֮ڣ̵ѣߣ 
ڽҺˮҲ֮ζߣˮҲסԻһˮ 
 
ݡҺͣΪ̵ѣע֫ڡ֮䣬ʼݶסھν÷ 
֮磬жΪĭνĭ֮򼫣ΪҲĭ̵Ҳ 
ָ֪ΪʪָΪƢ飬ӡⲻ֪֢ȣƩˮ֣ 
ݣԻ˼ˮݡ֪ȴӷĭ΢ˮݶѡվãģ 
һʱڸɣ޴ˣӡ 
һƫվãΣߣھԻߣ 
ΪѪص֮硣ѾνѪ֮֮ 
վã˥ӪѪģֶۼѪ֣ǳΡ 
һƫվãϸߣΡз֮ظ֮顷 
 
ʱƽߣбߣΩɳϸߣΪȻߣ 
䲡ѷѪҲѪ֣ϸΪѪ٣ΪѪӪѪУ 
ζӪѪζٻ䣬ѪУҲ 
ѪԳ֮ϸҲһӪѪˣӪߣΪҲ 
ϽԽȡ֮з򡢷ܲԵδ꼰Ȼз壬 
ӡ̱һĿԺˣͽǼʵ塣Ӫжȣǳ 
顷ءʦ֮꣬˲֪˴̽νзΪ飬ν 
Ϊ𣬻νΪ̵νΪνΪ硢̵߲ϣν硢̵аз 
ܵòԴʵڡħжһлаΪСֱߣ˽Դ 
 

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<ƪ>۷
ԣз֮ױظ֮顷ءʦԼ֮ͬ 
ǧһָȡ֮֮״ȡ֮֮ȡ֮һҲ 
ǷΪаʴ⣬ʸʱ֣֮δ 
֮Ӫ֣֮ӪѪȻճжȣʻҲ֮ӪѪ 
һӪѪһӪѪһһĶΪ޲ƽ 
з絫ӪӦճҲȻԱа֮أԻø쳣 
 
ΪҲΪƽ֮ʲȻԸӡαԻԻùԴ 
ӪӪܻӡ˲ʶƽ벡ѧ 
֮ԻҲ 
˷֮аִӸм֮֮ӶߣΪľа»б 
󣻴ߣΪаȻбؼ滬󣻴ߣΪаﻯ 
бؼɬ󣻴ӱߣΪˮабؼ󣻴ߣΪаʪ 
бؼ䶫ϡϡάಢߣ䷽֮Ҳ 
󡢻ΪӶࣩ֮ǧˣһߣν 
ƾ 
˷֮磬Ϊ¡ȡʪȣ֮¡ȡ֢Ҳ 
һʪдӺ֪֮ͬзһ֢ȲӶ࣬з϶ڱˡ 
ƽƲÿҩЧԴԴӴҽִӹª飬 
 
ƫվãӡȻһԸߣ˷а϶ȥ 
֮빯ҲˮΪ֢ؽСаδȥƱаҲ򲡼Ӿ磬 
֮÷п⣬ƫҲΪϸߣΪߣ 
һϢΪ٣ȫˣʱƽߣз򸡴֮ 
ʢڳ߲򸡴߲֮ʢڴ粿Уߴ㸡һ 
˷ֱ澭֮ 

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<ƪ>η
ԣηר֮ѡи֦Ҷб½Ϊ 
ߣҲ֣֮࣬Ϊ֪飬Ϊ˽ 
Ҳ 
 
Ҳη˲ߣ֮˲ˮߣ֮ 
ϨרԲΪ£ͽ߹Ϩӡ֦Ҷھڼ⣬ںҺ 
ľ֮Ƥн򣬵ô֭ʢҲ֦Ҷηɢߣ֮ͨ 
ïߣ֮Ƥй¡ר 
Ϊ£ߣ;ӣվòȡᣬƶݡƤнԱ 
֮ȷߣ֮ǿͲݲӣ 
רҩ֦֮ҶʢɢʩרòҩβȻ 
Ҳ 
˷֮磬к֮ͬȻΪаִȻߣ 
аϣˮ齻ڣ޺ӡͬ󣬶ƫз 
޶񺮷ȵ֢Ҳ֪з֮а֪˶Ϊ 
֮ߣƩ֮䣬һ˽ͣУһҲƱΪ 
⣬ǰӡзߣȴӶ֮ʹа룬ɾ 
ΪҲ˺Ϻɢð׷֮⡣νΪϡ׷ 
֮ҩνӡ 
֮룬س֮϶϶ȡǺʶʱ֮˶޺ 
ɢʱ֮˶󺹣գ϶룬϶ɳˡ 
飬ʳÿ÷²ߣз֮νҲ 
νθڷߣǣȻ֪Ϊ֮һ֮ν⧵ 
 
ߣšרͼҲżҲ϶֮ҲԻ 
ñٻģʹ˼ʡ࿪Ҳ׽ԿҲ弴ҲҲν 
ϣҲ˽ȡԻĿäӣ  
ֹ˼״з費֪֮Ҳ 
֮϶ڱ̣ɢҩƲӡȻҩΪɢ򲻿ɡҩΪɢ 
 
ΪƤԲʡԱգľҲѪ֮ߣԵܲᣬô˸ʺ 
ҩȶܲߣȡЧ֪֢ǴѪҲ²ߣ 
ɷϡǴ֢ȣֶ֮аҲ¡Ϸȡķ֮Ⱦ 
 
Ϸů裬ʶз硣ն 
ܣз١Ωˣů̫ż֮ȻҲз󣬸ߣ 
ӣպʡԻߣ١־ŷ߰ 
Աغ˶٣Ͱʹϣʱȣ˲١ҲòȹƢ 
θѪ֮ȫƾƢθ֮˻ҲȻ֮ηȻͬƢΪΪ࣬Ϊθ 
ҺҲη򽡣˲ǿҩ˸¡θΪΪΪˮ֮ 
η򻯣ܸʪʼܸͨͨˡҩ 
νθ벹ƢԨ֮Ҷʿνθǿߣ֮ͨǿƢߣ 
²֮򽡡ھԻθθ֮壬² 
Ƣ֮塣СҲΪʢ֮أˮ֮С֮ڣ丯ˮȣƢʼ 
΢ 
ϡҶ֮ԣ롶ھϣضԴβԲ롶ھͬ 
Ƣθ֮βͬȻԱ֮Իü䲡֮䲡ں֢ʳߣ 
ﲹƢøҩ䲡֢ʳߣͨθҩʼ 
ΪȻòȻƩƫƫ̲֮֮ʳͶθ 
ֻ֪Ƣ֪֮θ֮ȲʳҩƢɶã 
 
ȻȲ亮֢ߣòƢȻ֢ߣθ 
ƢθԸ䲡ΪҲ 

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<ƪ>ҩ
ԣȵ飨Ѿδ޷ۡδˣ֮Ҳ 
ع̫ҽԼȵʹ̿ͺ֮ũҺ޴飬Ϊ 
ҡʦСѷɢݡŴ˼֮ͽԡѷ 
Ϊ飬ּʱ֮Ŀδ̫ӣС˵̸Ϊ룬 
棬̫ӣ ֮ݡδ̫أҶҲľ 
ࣩҩ֮ڻӡƽ飬پ飬֮̿Ҳ 
Ҫ¡ 
򵱴ҩбﲻͬнΪ֮Ҳ 
֮ˮ֮𣬼䶯Ҳ䶯֮½֬࣬Ϊ 
ˮ֮ķû˥ߣ֮֮Ҳҩиӡ𡢺 
ֽɽǣǡ֮䷽桢С֮ࡣʢ 
ߣ׳ˮ֮֮Ҳҩеػơ֪֡ĸưءԪΡ꽺Ƥ 
ˡ֮䷽аζ֪ذζζ裨赤֮̾ࡣ 
ˮ⸡ߣУ¹ڸ׳ˮʹԽƽ 
ӡˮߣ֮м͸Ƹϸ֮⣬ʢӡ 
⣬Ϊа֮ڼ⣬壬Ϊ֮û 
޺ƣ򷢺֮ơ֦Ǽ֮ࡣйֹ 
̱֮֡ǡĵáӡ ֮ࡣ̫ʢƣԽ 
֮ʯࡢ֪ĸƤ֮ࡣ̫飬񺮣¾֦֮ 
Ρ 㡢ޢ֮ࡣʢ˥ߣԽ֮ 
ӡ«֮ࡣʢ˥ߣ֮顢 
 ֮ࡣ 
ϽԴ󲡣ҩ֮Ҳз֮Σֵϸ֮ 
ΪаΪϣ޶񺮷ȵ֢Ժ 
Ϊ֪˶Ϊ֮ã⧵֪ˡپöԽ⣨кֻ 
׾աܴԽ磬ԹԸӪ԰׷ 
 
֮ͬ˷м¡֮죬˼ӡѡ¼ʱѶ 
з֮ӺߣԱ֮Ի֫ʣ޺գ֢ǰͬ 
˾֮ࡣ÷ͨʥɢˡ䷽ơ֦硢 
Ǽ 
з֮ȻߣԱ棿Իؿݣ֫ȣش󺹣 
֢ǰͬ⣬Ӽɢ֮Ȼܲ׻ҶʯΪ 
ƽ 
϶Գҩ֮ˣӡֵ֮ϸ֮ 
з֮½ѣ֢ߣа˥ҲȻа֮ߣزܾ 
֮Ϊߣ踴ƫݡֵӪ֮У 
Ϊӽ֭ΪӺ߿ɼӣȻ߼ɣȻҩᣬȡЧز 
 
Ƥн򣬹ôΪ 
зվã˥ڱ֮ʢ䶯ľ֦Ҷ 
ï 
Բ֮ҩ顢֡ػֽ֮ӪѪѣ档ù 
֮࣬䶯ȡ˴ϵػӣù֦ӣء 
󶬣׾ͬã֮Ч飨ؼЧȻܲϺӳ֮ԵѪ 
֮࣬ȷǲľɱȣֲȣΪ֮Դ̥ʱף 
Ҳ֮ʼӳӴ׶԰١֮⣬ 
ǣΪ֮ʼѪ֮ΪѪ֮ͬƷҲ 
չ㶫裬֮Чߣ֪Ϊҩھܿ롶 
֮պ֮Ӽ䷽֮ҩ֮ںЧ֮Ȼ߶಻Ч 
Ի£ľ£಻ϮѪΪ֮ƣ 
β 
֮þơࡷνߣʢо 
֪к֮֮£ߣųǿ֮޷֮֮ 
ߺö߶ԣ˽Եʢ֪˶ڳԱȵ뻸 
֮Ȼؽƣ̫̫̫ȣ̫ȷ 
˱ͼܾ֮ޤޤԿܵӳθǹʳ߲ܡ 
վȣȻˮ֮𣬹Ϊѣ˶ȫʥȫܣ 
ΪҲаٻѣʷѡ 
ʳﲻعУۺȣԿȡʳʳƫƫ֮϶һΪʳ 
ƫӡʡԻãνרʳһߣز֮Ҳ֪䡣зƫˣ 
ҽߣҩŷ ߣ䲻ҩ֪β֮ڵþ 
ڽҲΨϰأضǣף䶯֮ۼ㡢 
Ϻ㴻ʾ߶ѣ㲻ؽҲߣϰѾã֮ 
θӡ 
Сз籾ߣ򲻱ؼΣҩ֮ 
糦Ѫ֢Ѫھνˣ£Ի磩 
ѪΪѪԻҲѪ֣а棬ʲؼΡҴΪ 
Ϊ 
ҩв˷֮ߣ䱾ҩ಻ʳ 
ʳѡ޲ѪΪ֮ʵҲΪɷ 
֮վãδвӡ֮Ҳв˷֮кߣ䱾в 
һã亦ӦвѪѶټҩ䲡ӡ 
ԻòҩΪҽ 
ҩߣЧ٣֮֮ȣθҩϰ߶ 
ʮʵѰ棬ƩȾ֮ˣһʹ֮ƣѹӡ 

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ԣϣ䵹֪ˣͷƳѪ̵磬 
˳ʣҽ֪ΪѣѼθӡɫ⣬ֹ 
Ͷ׻һ̵ټѣܶʼ֪ƫӡ 
˼ʳɷҩֹ֮ٷ˴ʳ 
ƽգȫԻúԶؼл𣬶֮طǴΪѣ 
ɢϲܻȷ֪ϸΪɢ𡢸֮ 
½⧲֪ˣĿ̵ֶֻ಻޺ҽͶԲθպ 
ͷ 
죬ϡ 
ϲ¬θӡǰգԭӼ 
ȫ֪֢ܲҩ֮ 
ξӳʮ࣬н׳꣬Ӳҩ£㣬 
𣬿ૣﲻףһνǴҲ飬̵ѽӡ࣬ 
ڣôܴءʯ࣬նգ벻ܶʮЧ 
ȥҩרԪΡ춬󶬡ء֡׾ա֪ĸ¶ 
ٹ⣬ʶ̵ƽ÷ 䵱಻ҷһ⧵֪ˣ  
ֲڶɽð׻󶬡ԪΡء顢֡׾գļգ 
ཥ 
飬÷ҩйкҽνƢ˥Ҳʱʮ² 
кйʳ뼴Դһӡ̶⧲֪ˣ бԣҰ 
 
һվһնգٷգදԲԶٷһգ 
óʮղ㣩Ǹóӱɣͨ飬 
ӡٷǰء󶬣һȫƷʮʮʣ 
Իθʮʳ뼴̫ͨת̫٣йҲ 
Ȼڣ²ȸ磬а硣ҩԻ䴫ͣйֹ 
ԽȣʷϢ 
¼зȲȷǴֽϿ̸ҿ֪һ鲻Ҳ 
ˡ 
ڿҮ 

