<ƪ>˺
˺
ߣѧ  
  
ݣԪ1644-1911  

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<ƪ>
ԣ˺Ҳǲ֤ҲΪҲ˺֤仯޶ˡپ֤˾ִ 
پߡŲ֮˺пһ϶ֲΥۡΪ֮˵Ի˺֤Ҳ˺֮ 
֤Ӱø˺֤Ҳ͡²Ȳ˺֮ת¶뺮ԴԺ 
²ȲΪ˺䱾֤ߺѧ֪˺ֹ֤پԭġپ⡣˺֤Ρ 
˺֮ۡ˺֮Ӻ˺Ϊ˺Ϊ֮¡ʢϧ 
ɲꡣ֮Զδѧھ󡣶پ顣˺ƫһᡣ 
м¼ó塣Ҫʰŷ֮һˡԻ˺ҲپҲƶ 
\x϶֮\x 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>˺Ѷ˲ּ
ԣҽΩʵ¡п̸پ顣ԴߡԽʵ¡ټĪҲȻȱѶ֤̫ 
뷽ҩԡͶԷ֤Ω֤ҩδּܴǳ׾ע͡ʵپ֮ġ 
Ҳǰνѧȶ˺ۡνȻȶھѾӶѡ̨ǧ𡣶 
˺ۡԿ䡣ÿ̫ơֱָȶǿʹߡνȼֽ̫Ӽ֤ 
ߡν̫ת֤ߡվüºת֮Ѱ֮² 
ӡа֮ԷΪ̫Ҳ֮Ըĳ֤Ҳº֮Աĳ֤ 
Ҳĳ֤֮ӦĳӼĳҩҲһŲơһߡ֮ܵ 
ڡ֮ѧѺ˺١սȫδи͡ȡ 
پ顣֮ھ֮ҡδϲа·²ת֤ĳ֮ 
жʵ¡̸ĩʹ߶Բɡȷпѭѣ˹ 
֮ҲСªˡˡԴߡ 

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<ƪ>־
ԣҲߡҰ֮νҲν硣ν֮λרҲλȶǽ֮ 
̫֮ߡԻ̫֮̫֮֮̫֮֮ߡԻ֮֮ 
̫֮̫֮֮ߡԻ֮֮֮֮ྭ 
ƪԾߡԽ֮Է־Сǽ֮⡣ΪҲΪ֧Ϊ硣֮ߡ 
רʵöԾ֮ԾԡȻҲȻںдҲԻ 
ҲԻʥǰԻԻ̫塣̫֮ءԻ֮ϡԻ̫ 
ϡԻ֮¡Ի̫̫֮ǰԻ֮Ի̫֮Ի 
֮ǰԻɴ˹֮ǰԻߡߡҲߡʢҲĿ֮֮áԾǰԻ 
̫ΪΪӸ֮ԻԻ̫ߡ̫ߡҲߡҲӱ֮ 
ΪĿ֮ΪԶԻ̫Զ֮ҲߡСҲӱ֮ԽǰԻ 
Իߡ־ࡣλԻߡҲǰ֮ഥҲǹ 
ߡ̫֮ߡǰ֮֮ѪӪ֮ѪӪ 
Ա־֮ΪѪ֮ҲѪ֮อ֮֮־֮ 
ҲҪԻ䲡ν֮֮ 
±֮֮Ҳ֮Ҳط۲ɡߡ֮ 
νҲ֮ԻʪԻ̫ؼѡ֮ʪ֮ǰҲ 
ˮԻ̫ԻѡǺˮӺҲԻľԻ 
ѡľҲ֮־ֻҰ֮֮רҲ 
аڷҰΪΪаڷҰֻ֤֮⡣а뾭֤˼ 
อ֮Сδ뾭֤ߡаֱҲߡ֮ҰҲߡ֮ҰҲ 
Ұߡ֮ҲߡӪ֮Ҳ 
ҷһ㡣ҽʡΪߡڽҽ֪ªҲԿҽС 
͡йʿȻҽԻʥԼ֮ӡݡˡǹν֮ 
Ժʥ֮ͨ޲Ҳ֮Ҳǰ֮򱳱Ҳ֮˳Ҳ 
ǺҲĵҲԴ֮󡣽Կ֮ط־աķΪΪƢθ 
Ϊ֮һ˶߶ྲ߶දӱ֮˵ء 
ԭִһӡలϺͨһܾһҲ֮֮ 
֮֮֮вλ֮й֮н֮֮нӴ 
֮Իߡ֮ʮ֮ɰ١֮ǧ֮ȻҪһҲ֪ҪߡһԶղ֪ 
Ҫɢ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>˺ز½
ԣ˺СһּԼҪ֮塣پδơ˰ȫδšֻ˺ƫһǴѰ 
֮󡣹ڲԼ֪֮η֮ҩ֮Ҳںߡ½ϥҲͷ 
米̿Խ֮δв񺮷ߡĺϦ˳һаɢ⡣вԽ 
ߡΪ䡣ֻ֤ߺԴߡΪа¡弤Ȼ 
ݡöԽϥ븹ðߡʼټϽ¸С䷢δߡѡ 
ɢҩ֮ߡɢԳ֮Ʒ֮Сʹа֮¶ߡ˷¶ɡаˡ 
Ԫ߶ӡν֮Ʒߡɶǳţϥк֮ҲרϡϽú 
ϽԪա½а֮ơǷаҲֱаǰа̫Ϊ 
а̫̫ΪҲ󡣸ˮҩߡǲнʪа 
Ϊ½аԽн֮ʪаಫҲ»ºϳءѣ ߡǲ 
Ͻ֮֮ҺΪŶ½аԽ֮ѪΪҡѭҲº 
С㡣زתߡҩ½аಫнҲ 
ƪСҽ֮ˮˮá˼ ˡν̫澭 
ѪơǺаѪ֮ʡֻܷϽ֮½֮˺Ϊ 
а½վд˷Ͻ֮ҩֵ֮ϽΪа 
ڲ֮·ֺιֺ䡣ɷաԻ̫ǿʹϽʱδϥ 
ҲԻǿʹ½аϳ塣֮¸ಫȻʱ¡ ʹ쳣ӡν޿ࡣ 
޿ҲѰðѡδŽ͡˺ֱز½Ԫ֮ʵȡߡ 
㡣νҲѼ油֮ߡҲѼ֮ʵߡ֮ʵߡ 
а硣ڲҲѶ廯֮ҩڲʹаӺεߡԴӺεϽ¸֮ 
纮֮ҩɢ֮粡ƢϽʪ̡н̵ˮᡣȾн 
𳣳ͷ档Կ֤ҩ˹Ҳ˺۽šƦ񱡣θʹߡٿ 
֮ӡѪ顣Ѫ֢ɼѪҩԺ֮Ͻӡݺ޲־ 
֤𡣴աÿ˺ߡˮݺ󡣻Ż¡档򱩴١кйѣ 
伴⧱աֺ¡޶˷ꡣҹߡ䡣ҹ 
ת١˽Ա ʹ䷢ȶ޶Ʊ֤ΪӲδ֪ 
Ƕ·ߡϽ¸Сؼ񺮷ȡרΪ֤ר֮ת סԪ 
ӡڷаϳ塣ʼߡ֤зȡƤ״㳹ҹת 
١˺ಫ֮ѪҲ֪䲡ߡ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>˺ʱ֤ͬ
ԣú·¸з纮ʱʳ;¸д֤˺ 
ơͬߡϽ˺񺮷ȡ硣мʹͷΪԴ١֡ 
ԡչ塣ѷȡĳηڡ ʹ¡ϥΪҶ 
ذСӦָս֡䡣䷳ꡣ㳣չʱʳ; 
֤붬´ơͬߡʱ¡֡ø֡黺ȥ١̦ơ 
䶳ϡʱʱŻ΢Ͷʹʶ塣˼ʳ΢ȡø 
ﲻȡ黺١ʢȥߺ󷴽̦ǰƺססʲ 
ٸ塣Ż¡͡ʶʳԼ׼ϽԳ֤ҲѪδ 
ҡаδ˺²֮Ҫͷֱ֢ʩβ󡣿ڿѡʧΡ֤ӿ 
๥̵Ƶԡʴʹк֮ʵ֮ǳĪ档Ļ 
ҡ˴ʧˡʲߡ 
˵˺²Ի²˺ӱԻ²˺֮Ի˺֤ 
ϡ²֤϶¡˺֤϶¡²֤¶ϡ˺¶ϡ֤Ҳ϶¡ 
֮Ҳ²϶¡֤Ҳ¶ϡ֮䡣δ֪Ҳ²ڷߡɿڱܡ 
ĤԭѪ֡伴ߡɿڱɢθƽҺѪǶҲ˺ڷߡֽܡ 
ڽǽڡĤ֡伴ߡϽնֲҲ˺Ϊ²ߡǺ 
ܻҲ˱Ѫȡ¡ͨȡջʢֻ֤ 
½ȡܽºߡ ʹ֤ǰǿ¡ΪҲ 
º̫ʢȲߡٹư󡣼ҩ֮ھԶеζ֮ߡʳ֮֮塣 
ȥ档Żнкƫ֮˵ӡʵҲºʧζ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ֱд֤ͬ
ԣֱд֮˵Ϸ硡ȫıϼУʵָ¡ԻжΪ˺÷Ϊ 
ԻڱаܷɶȡֱԻ˺䲡ԺаΪҲʱ 
ðش಻˺֮жð֮Ҳǳ֮𡣻ڶĶ 
ǰ¡¶ν֮лȲ֮档εһԷר²˺ 
Ȼ档ʱʪȡ١¡ʵͨа 
֮ΪԽ˵Իػ֮˽νݴʡιҲǳ˼֮پС 
з֮ġֱСֱҮжߡжһϽϦϦ 
˳֤ȶ񺮶ȡν̫֮񺮷һʱ뷢νȶߡҲָϽǨ 
ʧΡΪáν֮ǰҲһ½֤΢񺮶ȡ΢ȶ 
񺮡޶ʱ޴ȡνȶߡҲָ½ղ⡣а̫ 
˴ȡ˴ȡлѷȡδ֮档̫ӡΪ 
ȷꡣΪֱ̫֤ءν̫֤֮ءνֱ֮СǨ 
ʧΡΪáν̫֮дֱдҲ֤б֤ǰ 
֮δҲߡжһΪһΪǰƪġаƫ½֮֡ 
ŽѪ֮⡣ֵشдԴ֮󷢲ɱȡȫ 
ǿΪ֮תơ̫Ϊֱ̫֤СΪ̫֤֤С⧱ 
תΪ ׷ơֱٸšΪ֤ѪѪҡΪ֤˶ߡ 
νƫҲ֤¡ײġ߼͡תΪʴԺֹʹҺ 
ע¡Ѫǿ׳ааСΪ֤Ѫϸġϸ֤תΪ 
ѭٸ֮ǰθ֮Ĥ硣Ϊ֤ѭٸ֮ǰĤ֮ҰΪ̫֤ߡ 
ао֡ʵอ 龡֮ʧȨ١ǰ֮δҲپС 
ר֤֤ﲡߡԷȷ㡣ش־Ҳ̫ 
֤֤ߡаڱҶΪȡֱйΪҲ 
Ͻ˺شѱ顣ѻȡ֮ȡӡηתΪҲ̫ 
ͷʹߡ侭Ҳپߡʹעа 
Ϊг֮Ϊ侭ǴҲа֮ڱ߾ҲӡȻ֮šⲻ֪ν 
̫ܲͷʹܡִܡִ̫ 
ܡʼֹͷʹаǳɢپߡаزɢתʹйҲ 
̫д֮һδΪ˺֮˵ȽҪؽڡδơԵڲ֮·ת 
֮δϤĽȡԶƩȷʵʹʵִܸ֮һ๥кϲ֮ΡҲ 
֡ڼϡ֪ա֪ա 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>˺
ԣҲ뼴Դ봥ԴרаԷ˺֮עν֮ 
ҲⲻҸ˺֤֮ⲻ֪½վûʪ硣ԽСʲ֮ 
ͣСաΪˮ뼴񺮷ֲ֤֮ͬƴ֮Ҳ 
ڸ䡣¡֤֪߷ءרղʳ֮ڴ 
Ϊ֮䡣֪˴պ׷˼ֻ֮ͨһ³ɾ䡣ֳ֡Դ 
ˮͣҲվ䡣䡣ϾƽСת֤һʢ֮һʪʢ 
Գ֡һȥʪҲֻΪ䵹װڴˡѣҲǰȻִ 
а÷Ϊʪʪ͡١֤١֫ Ǩվá֤ 
òߡҽҽʡʪܡֱ֤ˡηסƪкƪ֮Ҳ 
ι֮Ȳ׸¼ǰߡʢҲߡ˥ʪʢҲ 
ֻѵмʪԲ֮Էʱ֮ȡ塣·ڴġΪ· 
¡ΪСع˵ǰ١ա 
¡֮ࡣаа¡аѪ֡ͨƿ֮а 
֡ºת֤СΪΣ¡ʪڱ㡣¡ʪС 
Ȳƪ˵Ҳ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣСอСкСںҲ˵С 
Ǵ塣йʡȷ½ºϽааϳ塣а롣 
ͬʱߡɱ¶ðԶСа롣ʱаֱǵضϾշת 
ǳֺϾ䡣ҳա̫δز̫֤̫δ 
֤Ȼад֮ȵϸ֮档 
อߡ⾭อͬںǴ֮νҲ˻ʳڳθɺСС 
ʳޡ֮ȸܷ纮ںϳڷǶ񺮷ȡǿʹ֮С 
пŻкйʹ֮ࡣپȾǻҲзáСƼ񡣻 
תǹ֮ 
ߡ˺¡²ת֮νҲаν֮ν֮ 
ν֮˺г𼴼֤޳𼴼֤ߡվʧҲаڷҲ² 
𼴼֤޳𼴼֤кߡվʧҲка·Ҳ¾аɺ 
С˪Ժէа֤֮ǿʹʶԡ֡ڿˮ 
·Ϊ÷Խ붬кߡ֤зȡƤ״ҹת١ 
겻ܰߡѪ֮ʡжº½봺ڷ¶ߡ֤ϼ֡С 
Ŀ סʶԷθŻҲ¡亮溮ȡȼٺηͬ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ˮļ˺Ӳ֮
ԣʷ֮ˮġ֤ꡣҽʡѱ¼֮顣ڲȷʷ֮ˮ 
ߡȲˡݡʱʱŻϸƷˮġ֤֮ҪҲ 
ԴۡƳкݽ顣ʶڤĮ֪ɱ١ˮ֤֮Ҳֽ 
űкٸתȶߡ۽šٸϳ弱ߡ˽ˮ֮ࡣִ˲ 
ػ֮𡣶㡣ǰԡ۽ߡ㡣аǡϹҲ 
֤ĿŬ֫սжҡ綹¡һ֫䡣ĺðһ񺮷 
ȡߡѪ顣Ѫˮ΢ֱҲ綯ҡҴĲ 
зΪ纮Ϯէա͵ʡߡ˸ΪаҲ½޲Ͻ顣 
תʡӡ衣է󷲲оġ˪ѩļ¡Σ 
ʧߡ㡣麮Ҳ̻аѱҲߡа½Ҳ̲϶ 
֮аҲ˿¡Զ־ϸƸʰ¹ǹ 
ʯӢ֮ѡ֮ 
ǰľóɡ費֮ʡƪ֮塣˺ϡ˽ǵ 
򺹳͸νν֮ʢߡҳҲȡ͸ 
ϷҲ䡣񺮡ݡ˪ѩֱ״Ϩӡ˵Ϊš 
ġߡԪ֮Ϊˮ̡Ѫ֮Ϊˮ 
ΪˡѪΪˮˡָ¡趯ҡܳҲ䶯ӦָѶΪΪ 
ж˵¡νҲġΪ֤ˮ跸ȶ֮Ҳˮа档 
纮ɺЮˮСϸĻϨζ־ʷ֮νаˡ 
಻ܾáν˺ҽνԻҽʳߡĤˮ״ղó 
֮ʡˮа硣֮һҲ 
֤ˮơһΪһΪ̵硣ܹѪ顣ߡھνɥء 
ڻҲ֤ߡΪ纮ˡէˮ֮ࡣߡѪ 
ΪһġĿױϡѬǿ̲ɿҲ̵ߡѪ١ûѪѪ 
ȥˮ档Ϊ̵ѡĤ硣ѪϰϰӦġŻ̡ԳӡѪ顣 
̵͡Ĥ緦Ҳ󡣳 鳤ϸҡ֮ϸ䲡顣ηΡ 
֮ࡣֱͬԶļ¡䲡ʱէΪ֤ʹע޶ 
ʼ̰̫»ű ֮ʡηԲѪˮǿΪʱӼ 
ġʳӡ¡ĩܳŰٺϲ֮ٺΡá֮ 
ֵѻ֮ӷ̵֮Ҳ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>޶˱Ǻ˺Ӳ֮
ԣ޺ʳ糣Ȼ󴭡жԼߡжԿɡߡ˶ҲԺ 
ʪ̵ע֮ʡǰ֤ڶ·ʪϥϳٸ׶Ρѭ̫ 
ߡȼԡа档ԪܹߡʶҲ̵֤ѭζ 
ȼ䡣֮סڼѭ ֮ס̵Ρ 
ˡԪ֡Ҳηǰ֤˷ºʪ۽෨а³ߡ 
С΢ϡ֤¹ʯӢкֱšʯΡ 
ŷͷ衣ʯʳɢҲ̵ 
ת֤֮лǰ֤غҡָҡս״Է֮ηҩ 
Ϸ¶šʱڴĳ֢ݶʶҡ϶Է֮ 
ӡȴ̫ʢԻ˾֮ҩ֮иҲ߾ʳʡֹҩ¡ 
ԷʯšʱҽҲΪԲա΢а· 
ڶ㡣ڷΡҷпɴݵΡڴ񵤲ҲνȻHT ʾ̵縲 
ʮꡣ̵֮ʶҲ;ޡºֳĳұҹ 
ϳ塣ĻԶҡԺֹѡӺ«ɣ١ɽţϥһ 
ʮѡĳȻȲкηҩһرϡ²̧硣 
Իǳ𲻿ɡǿ֮һѡ˷Բҩ󡣹ؽҲ 
ְǰƪˮ֤ƼҩʩҩơйԪļ羮ȱ׵Ч 
Ԫ硣ʳָȡֳ֮ηʪ硣ƴǰķʹΰ¼ڴˡ 
β׹ߡθ֡šŵԸ߹ϷС 
θһ߹ǷҲǰݡᡣ긹׹ߡĹԪἰš 
ʳ񼡣رƼߡļ羮׵ȱ衣ʳ񼼰ҲߡѨ⡣ 
ˮˮЮҲÿѨ󡣽Լļ羮׳Էϳ塣 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>˺۶ʮ
ԣ˺没Ҳ˺ۡҲپ֮顣Ǽд顣֮ˡҲ 
ת֮ǰӲɡһưйָʹаδδߡȥ 
˵ܼÿһΡһڴˡԴ䲡η֤顣רıϰš 
һ˺ΪεȲ˱ʱ֮ҲʱЮЮʪЮЮ֮졣רں 
ɡ˼ٴѱ顣ΩʱܡаƤԽ롣νʱ˺ηͬ 
ɡνʱ˺򲻿ɡپר۶ʱ˺Ωڶٲڴжδٲ 
ߡϵרָδߡھںزּ֮ͬ 
ڶкȶ֡Ϊεߡ֮аҲߡ֮ҲΪа 
뺮аǺܻҲȲ֮а߲ͬаɢȽ⡣в 
ߡ͡ˡֻʹȻ 
뽫ֿûанšԹת䡣ֹҲ֤󡣼Ϊа˺ξ 
ҺҺƸɡ֤ҡᡣ֤˼ͷʹŻѣв͡Դ 
ᳱԺû֮ԻаʶҲаʶҲ󡣲רڲλϾࡣ 
ˡСֱС̫֮󡣶ʱ޲ˡھԻ 
̫ڼھڸپ̫з硣 
Żר̫аڴηʲضɫֱС֮顣а֮ 
Ҳ̫̫С١ֱȻСӡֱв 
ͬߡһһͬаȡֱаҲһ޲ˡ֮Ϊ 
ʶӪȻ;پӪֻ֤С纮֮ƫ 
ˡںǴ˵ƽ˵зԺӪҲӪҺй֦ǳӪ֮˺ 
޺ΪСѸǹӪ͸ԿעενӪӪ 
εԴ١𰴶ܡаԽƤֻ֡ʱ֮صúа 
ɢ˼⡣ڽҺа뺹㡣аˡ˾Ѫ֡뾭ܽǡ 
Ѽǡδ뾭֮ߡб֤ɺҲ뾭อǿרѺӡδ 
뾭ʱ̫ߡֻ֮ǾҲ 
溮ȴ֮˹Ǻվкаߡ˱ںҲкȥȲߡ 
Ҳаݱν̫Ҳʵ֮ݶ̼֮ݡ̼֮ݡ 
ݡ޸ӡʼֹܲδ֮ǰֹ֮Ϣʱð 
ӡؽᡣԺνҲʱ̫֮Һѿӡ֮ʧ֮ 
֮Ѫֿʼܲؽᡣа޸Ҳܲ 
ʶ˺²ʼ֮ͬ˵ִҲֻ˵ȴһߡ亮̫ĺͬ˺к֤ 
֤ʵ֤ҲߡȲȻһɲ֤֮ 
ڰʶϲ֮С֮ͬǰ˷ֱϲǣǿͬСν֮ϲɴ 
ν֮аδ˾˾Ϊ֮Ŷߡ֤ʵ֮ͬθߡһںڵ 
㻬ߡһںҡȡڿʡа̫Үɢ亮֤񬡣 
ߡ֮Ԥа֮·Ҳ 
ھ֮ʡΡظپƪҲǰԽﴫ˵ùࡣδ 
зȻ֮ҺƸɼ֤̫θ֮ҺθƸɡ̫֤ 
θ֮ҡᡣ֤Ĥ֮ҺĤ֤½֮Һ 
ɢ֤˴ȻҲӺߡйˮǺˡξ֤ 
ʮȻӱ֮ʵǳ档󺹺ΪںߡΪߡº 
ߡߡִ֮㲻ͨʶΪ󡣷ƫ 
Ҳ 
ʮһ֪֮˵β֮о֮อ֮֮β㼴ǰνƤ 
ǡνҲа֮Ա˺⡣а֮ֻ廯ͽҲ 
⡣Բλԡھ硣Ҳԡδ塣ʢҲ 
֮ 
ʮ֪־㾭޷ֱ㾭λаڱھ֮⡣һƬʼ㾭֤а뾭 
֮С־֤ӡ㾭֤ߡ֮⡣־֤ߡอ֮С֤ھߡ֤ 
ھҲߡ֮Ҳอߡ֮Ҳ 
ʮֻ֪Ǿ֮อѪ֮ҲνаΪа 
ΪӡھΪ̫ΪΪΪ̫ƢΪѪ֮ 
Ѳʵ֮С˵ϸھܱ֮ 
ʮĶ֪ɡ֤мߡмߡз֤ߡ岻ߡһ 
ʵС֪ǴѼҮĻٹ֮ϲߡ̫ 
ֹߡЭҲ˱зȡθǡ²֮ڷаߡ˺ 
¶ߡⲻϸ̫½ء˼濪潵֮а֮ᡣ˷øͶ 
й֮һΪ㡣֮Ҳ̫ϲߡŻߡӰġ 
ԭԭֻκϲҲǰĺα˼֮ǰֻ˵ 
ϲ˵ϲ֮ʡ֮νѧʡ 
֮˺ֻۡӾġעʮʮ֡Բ⴩丽ᡣ档Īܼ֮ 
¡ɼֻĲ㡣Ի˺֤ηԻ˺֤ηԻ˺վûλ֤ΡԻ 
վûȡλ֤Ρҷʪʳ͸֤֮ٲ֮ս顣顣࿼֤ 
ڶо;ӡǾλβǳ֮¡̲ɲɹִҲ 
ϡǰѷһ½ϡ⡣ֻӦͱ˼ǣġ 
ڻͨ 

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<ƪ>ϱ˺²
ԣ˺²ϱ֤Ρвͬߡ֮֮䡣ﻯҲ֮Ϊ 
Ρ˼ѪϷ֮ʪ֮䡣ʪҲʪ֮ΪǶ 
͡Ρ˼Ѫէ໼űէϡ໼˺ȡȻߡˮʪ֮а 
ΪѬй͸ѪѪΪűѪΪ½÷֮Ϊ塣 
Խӯɢ硣ʢнȡΪº֮˺нȡͬʱ巢Ϊ 
֮²ߡ¸б֤㲻÷űѪԻʪ˺½΢֮ȡ 
½֮Իӳű͸ν¸СغҲԻϷűķʪ 
﷢ʱʪѬааࡣԴϡＡ 
аԴѶϡֻ˴ﻯԪ񾹲աؼǿ˺Ⱥ 
硣Ի˱д󺹡ȻǷɢ֮νҲ֮֮΢ɢԵ֮ʱȶ֮жаܴӡ 
Ȳˡ³ɻ˭̺֮󷲻¡ѪҲ 

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<ƪ>űѪ
ԣűߡʪ֮аѪ֮жҲʪΪءʪڷʪ롣а 
ݽǽ֮һߡѪ¡Ѫ֮ܲһഥӡѪгȡ䷢ 
жʱʢѪнҲߡʪʤѪнҲ֮ءа֮΢֮ǿ 
ڲλ֮ǳɡΪᡣΪ֮˵ҲηѪ֮ƷɢѪѷаʹа 
ݲ֮ءӷ֮Ʒʹͨ¡͸аʪ첻Ҳ亹˶˼ߡ 
ʼаֵ缰ηҩٹҩ ҹӷһΡ 
˯˯̬֮СʪɢˡԽ¡Ũ㳣¡΢ 
ֱǰշ֮ʱҲӡ˺νʱҲļ־ԻƢʪš 
йűۻҩʲ֮֡ƢߡѪҲšʺعϥҲÿ 
ӦЧ¹ѪƷűЧ˹ɽˮˡʢδɸʩɼűаѪ 
ű֮ͨѪҲ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>˺ӪĤ
ԣغӪ֮ӴѻˡθѪԡ 
ɷʪѪҡ۳סʪȲѪ֡Ĥ֮ڡ֮ҲʪʢѪͶ 
ʢĤ׶Ѫ硣Ѫ֮ƷӪа޷֮ءԷ֮Ʒай֮·֮ͨ 
ֹвֹߡĤ֮ΪʪѬ ׳ڻΪΪѪʱʱ¶ 
Ҳ֮ζ֮չھν԰νȷ֮ʷ֮νˮаġ 
񺮷ΡϸӡԺӪ֮ҲֹʳߡʪδҲʳ糣 
׹ߡδѪҲױ֮áΪϢϢ֮áתΪϢߡѪ粻ĤҲ 
ߡʪ̫ʢθѪԶҲĤ΢֮ĳҽѸء԰ǮΪϡȫ 
ܹᡣҳг֮֡Ӧָ衣 ھν֮ࡣ費ҲѪѪؾ 
֮ 

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<ƪ>и˺²
ԣиѪ塣֤д˲ͬߡ׳ѪڶѪҲΪѪҡ 
Ѫ֮ʧҲδȡѪȱߡ֤̦ƺסشҺڡСպͨ겻ܰ 
ߡһ߲ߡ̡ȫ޶󡣱صҽƹѪ˿֮δڲ 
ˡҲѪʢоˮʶϡ벡ഥθ֮硣ͣС 
鲻Ϊ֤΢ߡаಫ֮ΩϢ΢תࡣɡ 
һڡнһƫȫ͸þΪ׺򡣹θ˺²ּ˼ѪԷ֮ 
Ϊθʹ󼲡ԺڶâΪȡʪΪȻѪڡȶâ̡ˡ 
亮ѡڲ֤Ա֮֮Ѫ򺮶ȶ²ȱŮ 
ӲаѪ롣Ѫʲڲ֮ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>˺Ӽƪ
ԣʼ̫ߡ̫ѪҲаˡؼѪѪߡอ֮· 
ҲаѪ븭ӡ֮Ѫ硣ʹѪɻаǿĤʹĤ 
˹̡Ѫɢˮͣڡอ֮ϵ硣Ӳ ֮ѭ֮Զ 
ʹתࡣһ߲ߡڡ Сɬ󻬡ʹҺע¡֤ӡ 
һ֤ƫں̿»֤ȼӲ塣޴ֻ̫֮֡Ǳ֮֡ 
ؾڰСҲֻ֮ѪֲؾڸҲ̫֮ĪȻ 
ԻϽڲλϾࡣϴʼ̫⣩ 
ںΪ˺¶Ϊ²˺֮²ηСͬ¶ɢּ˿ຮ 
Ի̺֮֮ʺԲ֮չɡеÿຮֿνٹаٵθ֮ߡ˺ 
ת֮¡޸֮а𡣲ɢຮ಻á˵á² 
֮˵˺޼˷Ӷ֮Ҳ߱һֹ֮ƫʪ 
ƫƫںרҲ𡣼Ѫ֡Ѫ֡Ƕ²ĩ²Ϊɡ 
֮ơ޳г档޳г档һһҲΩҲ 
ţҲרɱݡרɱͼרɱǿ׳רɱɡвԳߡ²֢֢ 
ơ Ŵͷ־²д֢²ɽɡרȡһ𼴼 
ʪ֮ζϪԴͬɡкȡƫкȶƫʪһ 
һڵҲϺν⣩ 
ƪҽ֮ˮ˼KT ˽پ۱ּ˺ߡ 
·֮Ҳˮಫθ١﹨ĳ˺ϡ¡Ⱥ¡˰ʳΪҲ 
췢ȡΪҲ֮ҳͦӦָս֡ 
ƵԡֱײġԻ½ʱԽΪҩֶڵתءտ 
ΣϸǼ«ƹֽкţϥ֮ͣ¼ո丸ϲӭ 
ڡӡСӡʹӡɫݻơή ҡ 
ԻķСǰͷ塣ηÿνֹ˯ʱҹ΢ĳ 
ҽһ㡣ƽ֮ ӽ֭֭Ҳұн½˲н 
½ȶɡдԻԷ˷С㸴աҲʱط 
ϣǰ֪ĸ֮Ӧڼš± 
ƽ֮ƽ顣̱Ҳ 
̲Ҳسν֮ءڹͷβߡνԲ綹ּڸ֮ϡͨͷβ 
Ҳ 
΢ֲҲԾ޶ֱ֮ 
Ҳִ֮Ѫ 
ҲҲİϱࡣԹ¸޷ͻȻҲְС 
Ҳ籫߳Ǹ񡣾ɳɡ 
΢ȥֽȥԶԻ 
ֲӦҲҽָ֮Ҳʼ֮ȡνʼ֮зȱ֤Ҳ 
̫ǿKT KT ߡνKT KT ҲȴҲʡ 
΢ν΢ȴʼֻڸҲ妶ڹء妷ۡѵ 

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<ƪ>
ԣΪѪʪ֮󡣵֤֮ʱδÿ֪֮֮Σ֮ 
Ҳ֮ڡҡ󲫻ڼﺮ֪ȻԾںߡԴ 
อҲߡ֮䡣Ĥ֮Ҳ߹Ƿ֮СмʡҡŤ֮ʡ 
ǣ֮͡ýͨɢڱý֫Ƥ΢סɦ֮ 
ϡֹйͨڱ֧Զ޶˽ 
ʪϮȾааδа˸ 
аǰ 󡣲಻ñڱڼз֮Ĥʴ֤ڳð¶ 
޴ʪｻ֮ˡپƪа¡аһڡǰ֤ȫ 
Ѫ͡һϡη֮ࡣѪΪʼ 
С顣״˷硣Ҳ̼Ⱥ״űҲ̼жູ 
ˮаҲ̼㻬׹΢Ĥ̵עҲǿ֮֮ȳŽĤ 
֮аڱอ֮Ϊ¡˿мáǨվáѱԡѼ 
ȻѪܡδڴ֤ߡپνʹ纹ࡣʧΡѪҲ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣ𷨡ͨҲҶ֮ļԱһɡƢʪаƽʱ̶١ð 
˺ű֮ࡣѿ÷縡Ƽˮݦӿţϥ߼ƴܺơб 
Ѫ֤ҷϸּ֦ӳ׽ʯѽɽԿ̵ԺѪٲԻʪ֮ 
Ҳüɽҩ ˿ƢΡԪ֮ҲּɣٶĲݹ԰Ԫаˡĵ 
ñԺ͸ΡԽЧ޲ôֳ֮ľĳðȡݳ 
ݡ١޺١øɢƤëһϢ֪ʮ 
Ҳ֮غѡƹֽʲˮ˿ӻɽҩ칷ţϥľɽ⡣Ǽ 
һúϢȵӡ©ֹԸӹ֦֮˺֤Ҳ͡ 
ǡԪԽܹߡʲƢΡע󷲺аᡣಫƤë֮䡣 
֮֮ߡ֮һ һҲ΢ȫڻġ 

