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ݣԪ1644-1911  

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ɾΪҽʥܲ˺һبĪ߯ӹóǨ´Ǳֶͨ˺޽ 
ҽѧòػԪͦ˺Բ֮ھอ˳۹  
Ȼԭ мעȸǹҽѧ֮ʿԿѱذ˾ҽζߵԻѧ֮Ϥ 
Ϊ˺֤ݻϱһ븶һ֤״ϳòʧʹΩ»Ͼҵ 
֮Ҳ£ ļ֮֮پٷΪԪԪ֮ҽμͬ 
Ǳ ڻδҲ 
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ԣ˺һʱƱѼ֮˼ǧδü˺˼֮ǧ˺ŷȱԺ 
ǧ֮ڵУͱ֮ɳ޼עδܽıƪμעδúעϮ 
˵޿ִ 
ʥҽѧɽػӦ˶Ĺ˺һԭһʮֱᴮһһע 
ಡپĿŸ˺һȻǻйپʵ 
ǳʼνپԭ鸴޲ҲɽѧҽУŻ˺һΪΩİ徫 
Ѽ˺֢һԪҪʱʱϰԱͬ־߼֮νΪ˺֮һ߿䲻 
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ԣз ȶ߷Ҳ󺮷ºƤڹҲ̫Ⱥ 
з̫ͷ۷Ⱥ磨֦֤̫зԷߺԳ񺮷ȱŻ֦ 
֤̫ȺӪǿʺа߹֦֦֤֮ʱȺҲ 
ʱ֦֤ԺߴӪӪⲻгӪ⸴亹Ӫ֦֤̫ 
֦ȴ̷ط縮ȴ֦֦֤̫֤δԺ⣨֦֤̫֤δ 
߹֦֦֤֮ԱӲ֮ΪӲΪʵ⣨֦֤̫δͣ 
⵫΢⵫΢֮֮˵θ֦֤ƿͲ֦Ż 
֦֤֦ŧѪɹ֦֤֦Ϊ⼡Ⱥ߲Ҳɹ֦֤ 
˺ ȶ߷ҲȷýƤڹҲ̫ѷȻδȱ 
Ż˺ ̫ͷʹʹǽʹ޺֤߲ڱɷ 
ɷ֤˺˽ɸ˹֦֤˺ͷʹ 
С߲ڱҲ뷢֤ͷʹ߱˹֦֤̫޺ 
֤˺֤̫֮޺ʹ˾ղ֮ 
ҩ΢Ŀ߱˽عҲ֢ 
没 ̫֮Ϊͷǿʹ ̫֮˾űȶȶຮٲŻԿһնȷ 
ΪҲ΢鲻ɸҲɫɫδҲԲС֤ 
˺ҽؿʱ߷֦֮Խ֤̫ȶȶຮ΢ߴ 
Ҳɸ֦Խ֤֦󺹳֦ǰűٷߺؽ⣨һ֤ 
ѪҺԺ̫ͷʹ侭Ҳʹ 
ұʮ˺֤ΪҲ˺һ̫ 
֮ΪΪҲ 
ʢ븭 ̫зȶʹ֤꣨ȥ·˺۵էʱ 
֤ߣ֤˺Ҳ׻֤ȥ·˺ȱкҲ׻ 
֤˺޺߲׻ˮޱ֤߰׻˲֮׻֤˺޴ȿ 
΢߰׻˲֮׻֤̫ȽѪⲻδɹѵС 
˿ɹ֮Һ˳֤ȥ·̫ձ̴֤΢˷½ٸӲС 
Ѫ̫澭Ҳֵֵ֤̫֮ٸӲС㲻ΪѪҲС 
Ѫ֤Ҳֵ֤˺ٸӦС㲻ΪѪ֮ҩ˵ֵ裨ֵ֤ 
ʢ ߷ʹгٲɷ֤ȥ·з΢ 
 ΪҲ֤֮ȥ·˺ˮŻȶȻʻС㲻 
ٸߣС֤̫ȥ·̫Сˮ¼С߱ؿＱҲС֤˺ 
ˮȶ΢ȲС֮ѿߺȥҲС֤з緢ղб֤ˮ 
ˮԻˮ棨֤̫ȥ·˺ɢ֮߸ʲ֤֮ˮ 
ȱȴȥ淳ˮ߷ĸɢɢʵ֢Сɢɣ 
֤ 
 ̫ѷԲΪ֦Ҳ֪֤֮ ֮֮ 
Ϊ̫߲֮⣨֦֤º󸴷С㲻ҺҲ֮ 
С֤󲻿ɸй֦޴Ӹʯ֮Ӹʯ֤ˮ 
شˮ֮ഭ֤º󲻿ɸй֦޴Ӹʯ֮Ӹʯ֤֦ 
󷳿ʲߣ˲ΰ׻֤˺º߰ղȽʱʱϸˮ 
ߣ˲ΰ׻֤̫֮ððҺ͹ҲδȻ֤֮ 
Ҳ񺮷ʵҲθθ֤̫зٷѬʢ 
Сﵫͷ΢ڸû򲻴С 
Σ֤̫շ귴䱳󺹳θθˮ귳طʮΪҲ 
亹²úС㲻÷Żʧ¶ӲСзͷ׿ȻʹıȹҲ 
θ֤̫ԻѬú굽ѪΪааѪ֤˺û֮а޴ӳ 
ʢر棨а֢֮ΪʵʵѪѪ֢΢֮ 
ΪаΪ׷ʵѪɢлڹ˽ѪѸҲаڹ֤̫󺹳θи귳 
ˮ֮θɰ׻С㲻΢ɢ֤̫֮ 
ߣ֤˺ԺСķ΢񺮽μ֦֮ʸ귳ʲݸɽ֮ 
߸ҩʲ֮θθط֮ʲݸɽ֢֤ 
֮и־мʦҹ㵱ŵ֪ԻΪΪ 
΢β֤֦ӸӲ¾ҲиɷڽﷳҸʲݸ 
ҹ㵱΢мҩʲԳ΢ֹ֪ʲݸɽ֤ 
ˮҩΪ²ֹ֤ΪȵʳԷΪȲθ 
Ҳ֤̫񺮷񺮲´Ϊ֮ڷҲº֤̫񺮷ȽԺ 
񺮷ȹϸ֮Ҳһ֮ʳ֮ϲʳ䳯ʳĺΪС棨º֤˺ 
֮Ȳֹʹ߼ʹ߼ȱȱ˹֦֤ʹ 
ߣ¼֤̫֦֤֮첻ֹ߱δҲ߸֤̫֮ 
֮߹֦ȥҩ֮΢ȥҩӸ֦֮ȥҩ֤̫֮΢߱δҲ֦ 
Ũ֤֦Ũʣ֦Ũ֤֦֮ͷǿʹ޺΢ʹС㲻 
ߣ֦ȥ֤߰ߣŨӽĲθ֤˺ºķ𲻰ߣŨ֤˺ҽ 
ҩ֮Ȳȥ΢ߣӸʽ֤֮ߣ֤º鷳߾߱ 
ߵ ֮Ӹʲ֮Ż֢֮΢ 
߲루֤̫©ֹ˶С֫΢죨֦֤ⷴ 
Ҳҩʲݸ֤֮󸴷΢ϸ֤˺ºϳͷѣ 
򶯾Ϊҡߣ߹֤̫Է¼ͷѣ ߨߣ֤ 
ð¼ðߣ֦ʲ֤δðȲȴ˱ضطʣ֤ 
֮ļ߲ɷԺԳ΢ʵҺͱ㺹ļ֤ 
¼ࣨ߸֤봦طٸϳľϸһ׳֦ӹ 
֦ӹ֤̫֮ϳߣ֦ӹ֤˺Ի֮ؾԲ֦ȥҩĵ 
֢̫˺ؾҲ֢֮뷳ߣ֦ʲĵ֢֮Բⷳ 
֢֮շ겻ҹŻޱ֢΢޴ߣɽ֢طػ 
С裨֢кθ»ףθ»֢֮ 
ز֮Ʀ ̫ͷʹ΢߱δҲ֮ھʹθ 
 ӲΪش֮صͷС㲻طƣ 
֤˺սʵʹ֮ʯӲߣ֢̫ط֮ 
СгȴٸӲʹɽߣ֢ǿᾷ״֢֮ͣС 
°֮ʹߣС֢̫֮ٲߴҲ߱ؽ߱ʹ߱вм 
ϸͷʹδֹ߱ŻЭ߱Ѫ̫ղԵ±ؽ 
΢ߴ˱кҲֹ֮δֹո֮ЭҲر֢̫δ֮Э 
ֹƦӲﲻߣƦ֢˲ι֦֢˺¸Ʀ߱δҲȽɹƦ˹ 
֦Ʀ˴ƻкƻк֢֮Ʀ֮妵ƦƦϸߴƻ 
к֮Ʀ񺮺߸к֮к֢̫зŻ˿ɹ֮ʱͷʹ 
ƦӲвʹŻ񺮴˱δҲʮ֢˺θвƦӲʳвˮ 
ߣк֢˺з練֮ʮиƦӲŻķҽνƦ֮Ʀ 
˷ǽθӲҲʲк֢˺ҩֹƦӲкѸҩֹ֮ 
֮н½ʯֹ֮֬С㣨ʯ֢֮֬Ʀк 
ƦʶڷС㲻֢˺½ƦӲߣʯ֢֦֢ͷ 
ʹǿ΢ƦӲʺϢкҲ֮˹ϵɢѪҲ루ϵɢ֢˺º󷢺鷳 
΢˾ƦӲвʹʺѣð߾ö֢̫ҽ췢ȶ񺮸֮Ʀ 
طɫƷ ɫ΢֢̫ 
ʱδ 
β ֤֮ؼ֤֤Ϥ߷ط֤״ʳʱʱ 
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ԣ Ⱥű״ηʵ֮˷֮˹֦ 
ٺ΢߱δҲɷ֦֢޺߷֢̫ϲ 
߲£֢̫ǿKT KT 磨֦֢̫ǿKT KT ޺磨֢̫ 
ϲ֢̫߱ϲŻ֢ 
 ֮ΪθʵҲ˺ȺԳ񺮷ȣ֢е֮һղȶ񺮺 
ҲԻ֮һն񺮽԰ռԺҲ֢񺮺ι԰Իʼ񺮶ֹҲ 
֢˺޺Żʳ Ȼ֢˺Ϊϵ̫С 
߰մӲתϵ Ȼ΢Ҳ֢̫ƢԼθʵ߷ 
Сθﷳȴѣ·̫СҺθиתʵѣ 
·̫ʱ亹ת·̫ʱ亹ת΢ 
̫֤ղ֮ΪСɫԵԵڱ֮Ѭ֮Խ˷겻 
֪ʹէڸէ֮֫ɵöԺҲ֪ɬҲ·̫ 
շθҲθ֢̫֤յ Ѷ֮ 
֢亹ضгߴɹҲ Ȼߴ˴Ӳ֮ 
΢ȶδҲȲδͨ߿С΢θС֢ 
΢СӲС֢²ķθ֢ط΢ 
ߴӲҺθӲССнй֪㲻óΪСԽҺθҲ 
Ӳ֢ԺСߴ˽ҺڽӲɹ֮ۼ嵼֮ͨϸ֭ 
Ϊۼ嵼֢ɬθǿɬСɬಫƢΪԼʴ֢ò̫ 
֢ӲʳСٺ֮СһС䲻ʳ 
ӲδӲ֮СʺӲ˿ɹ˴֢ȴ΢ӲӲ 
֮տʺ֪֮תʧ߿ɹתʧӲ繥֮ʳҲˮˮ 
߱شӲС֮С֢﷢С֮һתʧ 
һתʧ֮ղ΢ɬҲΪβɸҲС֢˺º󲻽ⲻ 
ʮճȲ񺮶߷ʶѭֹ΢ֱ΢ߵ 
֮һֹ֢˺ΪҺԽѱʵ 
֢ʺθΪҲ˿֮֮ԱұʵҲ֢˺ʮղ 
Ҳ֮СߴзӲθ֪ҽҩ֮Ҳ΢ʽ񷴺ߴ 
ʵҲθ֮θ֢֮ θʺ߿ɹ΢Ӳ粻ɹ֢ 
гȷʳθбʺö˴ʳߵӲ֢С㲻էէʱ΢ȴð 
ʺҲ֢ʹ귢ʱߴʺ֢ºղ㷳 
ʹߴʺʳҲ֢ϲ˳ҲʧҲΪҲ 
ʳҲ֢֮ϲϹϵ˯Ŀ򺹣ϲ֢΢ΪԺҲΪ̫ 
ʵ򷢺̫ΪҺӲ֢ҸΪΪಫθ 
θ֢⸹ʹ߼֢֮Ⱥ߼֢֮˺Ŀв˾ 
ޱ֢΢ȴΪʵҲ֢֮ϲ߱ѪʺӲ㷴ɫغֵ֢֮ 
ޱ֢߰߿֮Ƽ߰ղѪҲ˵ֵ 
ֹЭȶŧֵ֢ѪΪѪҵͷߴȶй֮Ѫ֢ʱ 
 
֤ ʳз粻ʳк кʳС㲻㺹Ӳθ 
ˮȲҲкй֢ٱﺮ֮θ䲻ʳˮܣ֢ 
ʳȱθҲθ֢˺֮鸴ˮ亹θк 
Ҳθк֢˺ܶǰ֪β֢֮ܶ޺Ƥд˾ʣ 
޺֢޺СտŻ߱ؿͷʹȲŻ㲻ͷʹŻ֢ 
ͷѣ񺮹ʳ˱ʹʲʹʹ֢ʳŻ֮Ͻ 
֢˺Ż֢ɹŻɹ֢̫绺ظȺ񺮲ŻƦҽ֮Ҳ粻 
߲񺮶ߴתСߴӲʮҲˮ֮Է֮ɢɢ 
֢Ӳɹֹ֮Ӳ֢зڿʸɸ΢ȶ֮С 
Ҳ֢ڿูȺ񺮷㴷 
跳겻֮θпа ̦֮ˮڸ׻˲֮ 
ȿˮС㲻֮Ӱ׻֢طԺ߲֢ʵ 
֣֣֢֮²ذ ʳͷ֢ϲת 
ڲ湸򷢺֮䣨̫Ժ߰׻֮׻֢ 
Ժθ߸СҲθ֢ﵫˮʴ˱֢ 
ȿڸɱʳ֢سȷʱص֢ʳС㷴 
ǽ״Ȼ񺹳 Ȼߴˮʤ뺹֢ϳɫɹ 
طɫС㲻Ҳɫ֢޺С㲻 ߱طƣ޺֢΢С㲻 
طƣ΢֢ȺΪԽƵͷС㲻ˮߴط 
֢֮ʳ΢ͷѣСѴ֮ٹҲٷ֢з 
Ҹв¼ʹð֮ͨǸɲúһĿϤСгʱʱܶǰ״֮Сⲻ 
ʮС֢֢ȴСԿвȥߣС 
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β ˺º󲻽ⲻʮγȲ񺮶߷ʶѭ΢ 
ֱɬ Ӳ֮治ֹӲ֢طֱ֢ 
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ԣ ˺СҲ˺Ϊа˷ʳŻΪаҲ 
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ʹвƦӲ¼С㲻򲻿΢ȻȣС֢Ѫаಫва 
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С֢˺ɬҷмʹССС֢ŻҲ 
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Ѫҵȶй֮Ѫ֢з߰úȷʱˮʶߴΪѪѪؽʹ 
ű״ʱС֮Ѫ֢˺Ⱦˮĺ״ߴΪѪ޷θ 
϶Ѫ֢ 
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ڲʳӲϸߴΪ΢бҲҲΪ΢᲻ø֢Ϥ 
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ԣಡ ʼ֮ߣ鸽ϸ֢֮ƸӸʲ΢Զ֢ 
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ಡ ֮Ϊ΢ϸҲ ϸΪﲻɷಡɺ֢߼֮ 
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ȶ߱ٹҲСǿҲ֢΢ɷҲ 
΢߸֢֮Ҳʹʹ֢ 
ʹ߿ʲ۹ʲݽ۹֢ʹɢ֮ɢ֢ʹ 
ߣ֢ʹķ֢ʳڼ¸ʼ֮ 
 
ҳߴʵҲ֮кŻ߲Ҳ֢֮²ķ 
ҲˮԾСɫϤС½кˮҲ֢ 
䷳֢ոС㲻֫ʹߴΪˮ 
ȻСŻ֢֮΢ɬŻ·ߵϾ֮Ż 
֢տȶŻķߣ֢Ȼ»С㲻ʹйСأɢ֢ 
ﺮ΢ɫʹŻʹֹ֮ͨ 
֢֢ͨͨ΢ֹͨŻ֭߰ͨ 
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ŧѪ֢˾һ㾡ڰױرѪȱѪ֢㲻䷴߲ 
߾׳ز֢ŧѪһ֢񺮶ʱԷȥ±߿Σ֢ 
ֹ񺮶߿Σ֢߰΢㷴ȥΪҲ 
䷳֢Ϊ˳Ҳʢˮ֢֮ķԣʤˮ 
֢֮տʸ߼֮˴ʤˮ֢ˮɫ±ʹڸ 
֮˴ʤˮ֢ոͲ߼֮˴ʤˮ֢з 
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΢ֹͨŻ߷֭ͨ΢ ΢ϸԺ 
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˺һն߱طǰȺ΢΢Ӧ֮ؿóࣨʤ֢˺ 
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ؽҲʶ֢˺ʷոȶಡȲŧѪ 
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ҲɷضֱӲ  Ѫҷ ܼҷѪ ʹ 
 ʺﲻɺ ȶСʧС߲ɺ֫ ĭбظС㲻 
ʱűкȶи淢΢Ŀѣ 
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΢ʶѬ֮򴭲Сĸ֮Сͷʹǿ 

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