<ƪ>Ҫ
Ҫ
ߣǫ  
  
ݣԪ1644-1911  

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣԻ÷ߣ֮Ҳ֮ټͣ仯֮ĸɱ֮ʼ 
֮ҲɲͨԻβֺ֮֮͡ӡԻò֪֮ӣ 
֮ʢ˥ʵ֮𣬲Ϊӡǹ֪֮Ϊҽʧӡ 
ھҪɸͼǰʹѧһּҪ֮ڣȻ 
ȫ壬еơ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>̫
ԣ޼̫̫̫֮Ϊءδ 
ΣԢξԻԻ̫ 
ע̫ߣ֮νҲߣ֮νҲǼ飬޳֮У 
м֮ɡδ֣ߣ̫Ҳ̫Ի޼ߣ̫ 
֮֮Ҳ̫Ի̫ߣ̫֮֮Ҳ 
Ի޼̫ߣԼ޶ƼҲǼǶǶ 
Լ֮Ƽ֪֮ҲԼ֮Ƽ֪֮ 
Ҳ֪֮Ҳ϶֮һҲ 
жʵһޡһȺ֮Ҳ 
ߣν̫֮֮Ի̫ 
֮νҲȻԻ޼Ի̫ߣ޼ 
ר޶Ҳ̫жҲ֮Ϊߣν 
Уѣ֮Ϊ죬֮ΪءԻ÷ 
ҲδߣνδأΩ̫֮һ֮Ҳ 
Ԣߣνأ̫֮Ԣ֮Ҳ֮֮ʼ 
֮֮ҲξԻߣ֮ҲԻ̫ߣ̫ 
֮ҲԻһ̫ߣָ֮߶Ҳ̫޼ 
ָ֮߶Ҳ 
\r̫ͼ\ps110-4a1.bmp\r 
Ի̫޶Ҳ̫רҲԻ̫ 
֮ж֮Ҳ̫ҲԻ̫ߡȻ֮Ҳ 
ߡ֮ҲȻ֮ָ̫ 
ȻףǶǾ֮֮Ҳָ֮У˶˾֮֮ҲΪǡ 
\rͼ\ps110-4a2.bmp\r 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ƻ
ԣУһʸһʾڵ죬˳ʱľ 
ˮľˮƣ 
עؼ֮У䣬ϣҲһˮ 
֮ض֮߳ľذ˳֮ų֮ 
ʮ֮иһҲľľ֮磻Ϸ𣬻֮ȣ 
֮ʪ𣬽֮ˮˮ֮иһҲڵԻľ 
Ի磻ڵԻԻȣڵԻԻʪڵԻԻڵԻˮ 
ԻʾڵأҲľλλϷģ 
λάʪģλˮλ˳ 
ʱ֮ҲԻϣˮľ˳ʱɡľ 
𣬽ˮˮľҲľˮ 
ˮ˻𣬻˽𣬽ľľˣɱҲ 
ľˮˮ𣬻𿺺𣬽𿺺ľ˿ʤҲȻ 
֮ʤ֮ӣ֮ʤҲηӳĸУƣ 
£޲Ҳľ̫ܺӣʤ֮ʤ 
Ҳ֮ӽ𣬳жɣη֮ʤȻƣӡ̫ 
ӣ֮ˮжɡ̫ˮӣˮ֮ľжɡ̫ 
ľӣľ֮ӻ𣬳жɡˮ̫ӣ֮жɡн 
ҲƶҲ֮ӡ 
ƻ֮ɲ֪Ҳ 
\rͼ\ps110-4a3.bmp\r 
\rƻͼ\ps110-4a4.bmp\r 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>อʮ
ԣҽʼʱ顣־ 
Ϊ֮อ˵֧Ƴɡ 
עѧҽҵߣҪ 
֮ʼʱ֮Ͳ֮֮ͣҲ˽֪˻СʡҲ 
֪ʡҲߣԻľˮ𣬵 
֮ҲաӦ֮ҲߣԻ硢ʪ 
֮ҲϷ֮Ҳڵ֮Ϊ֮Ϊ 
Ϊ֮ʮҲ϶Ϊ壬ˡ׻ 
֮θ֮Ƣһ𣬺֮Ρ𣬺˴󳦡ˮ 
˰סˮ֮ľ֮Ρɻľ֮컯𣬺 
Сﻯ𣬺֮ġߣߣ˰硣 
֮ʮҲ֧϶Ϊ𣬺֮ 
СҲδ̫ʪ֮ƢθҲ𣬺֮Ҳî 
𣬺֮Ҳ̫ˮ֮ҲȺ 
ľ֮뵨Ҳ˵֧֮֮ʮҲ壬 
ΪʮɡΪʮ֧֮壬صõ֧֮Ϊڣ֧ 
֮ص֮Ϊƣ׳ɣһˣʮλ֮ 
ʮ֮Ҳ 
\r˺อʮͼ\ps110-4a5.bmp\r 
\rอʮͼ\ps110-4a6.bmp\r 
ʮɸơü׵ҸαСθƢ磬Σ 
׹أмģͬ﷽Էλอ 
֮Ҳอ֮䣬ԲͬҲ 
ʮ֧ơ÷îθƢСδУİ磬ӵ 
ͨԵ֧อ֮ҲԵ֧อ 
֮䣬ԲͬҲ֮ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>˸
ԣλ˳Сǳ겻ףȻûӡ̫ 
ʵ顣ʱﲡ񲡺อ 
עߣӪʱ֮ҲߣľˮҲλߣ 
ϡСҲߣ硢ʪҲľ˳ǳ֮ 
ҲϷ˳Ƕ֮Ҳάʪ˳֮֮ 
Ҳ˳֮Ҳˮ˳֮Ҳ 
Ϊƣ巽֮ʱԶҲȻ 
֮ûãӵ 
̫ʱ֮อ硢ʵȲ֮ͬ飬ʼа 
ҲʱͣԲΪߣอͶҲ 
\rͼ\ps110-4a7.bmp\r 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣλͬˣ֮Ҿλ֪һΣһ֮һ 
Σһˮ֮һľΣһ֮ 
עߣľ֮ҲĶ֮Ҳʢ 
֮Ҳ̫ʪ֮Ҳ֮Ҳ̫ˮ 
֮ҲǵΪڣλ֮ͬʱ֮Ҳ 
ߣ֮λλҲλ֮λڴΣ˾ 
֪ơ˾֮ҲϿ˾֮λҲ˾֮ң֮Ҽλ 
ҲΪ֮λ֮λ֮ҲԻ֮ң֮λ 
Ҳ֮ңһ˿˾֮λҲΪ֮λ֮λ 
ʢ֮֮ҲԻУԻߣԳԾ֮棬˾ұУԻ 
һһҲһ֮˿֮λҲΪ֮ 
λ̫ʪ֮λг֮Ҳһ֮˿֮ҼλҲ 
Ϊ֮λ֮λ֮Ҳһˮ֮˿ 
Ȫ֮λҲΪ֮λ̫ˮ֮λж֮Ҳһľ 
֮˿֮λҲΪ֮λľ֮λд֮Ҳ 
һ֮ǰ֮λ֮Ҳ 
\rͼ\ps110-4a8.bmp\r 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>˸
ԣԵ أɺϻ٣ 
ˮɻľҸﻯˣ֡Ҷ 
̫ױɡ 
עߣ죬֮ɫҲ죬֮ɫҲ 죬֮ɫҲ 
죬֮ɫҲ죬֮ɫҲߣ֮ľҲ֮Ҳ 
֮Ҳ֮ˮҲ֮Ҳߣסҡ졢 
ɡҲʥľٶ֮ʶɺϻľҲ 
֮ʶϻҲ ټ׼֮ʶ׼ 
ϻҲˮٱ֮ʶϻˮҲҸ 
֮ʶҸϻҲɺϻλ֮Ҳ 
ͳΪˣԴȡ׼֮꣬ͳ֮ˡΪ 
ˣˮΪˣˮľΪˣľΪˡ˽Է֮ҡ 
ɣΪ꣬ٲ֮ˡס졢ɣΪ꣬ 
̫̫֮Ҳ 
\rͼ\ps110-4a9.bmp\r 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>˾Ȫ
ԣ죬ӦȪδ̫̫Σîȴ 
絹ȺȻÿȪļ·ͳꡣ 
עˣ֧Ե֮Իλ֮Ҳ 
֮֮꣬˾Ҳ£ȪҲ¶ϣ 
̫̫֮֮ˮΪͳ֮ 
ҲһһΪͶ֮ҼҲһ 
Ϊ˾֮Ҳ̫̫Ϊ 
֮ҲһһΪ֮ҼҲһ 
ΪȪ֮Ҳδ֮꣬Է´˷֮îȴ 
絹ȴδȺȴ굹νî֮꣬˾죬 
Ȫ̫֮꣬ˮ˾죬̫ʪȪȺ֮꣬ľ˾죬 
Ȫ˴˵Ҳÿ˾Ȫļߣͳ£˾ͳ 
꣬Ȫͳ°֮ͳҲ 
\r˾Ȫͼ\ps110-4a10.bmp\r 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>
ԣ꾪ȣâСﺮ˪ССͷ 
ʮգâʮո˴գ 
עΪڣνԶʮַ֮Ϊ֮ҲΪơνԶ 
ʮַ֮Ϊ֮λҲʮ󺮡ˮݣ֮ 
Ҳ֡ꡢģ֮ҲСâ֡С֮Ҳ 
¶֮Ҳ֡¶˪֮ҲСѩ 
ѩС֮Ҳ֮ʱҲֺʮ 
գҲʮâֺգҲâʮգ 
ҲգҲСĩգ 
Ҳ˿˷λ֮ʱҲ 
\r˽ͼ\ps110-4a11.bmp\r 
\rͼ\ps110-4a12.bmp\r 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>̫
ԣ˽̫ȡ̫̫꣬ٽٹ̫ 
꣬Կȡ̫ؽ 
ע֮ʼǶߣʱ˳֮ҲȻΪ̫ 
Ϊߣʱ̫֮仯Ҳ̫̫֮꣬˳ˣ 
ٽǣ̫˱ٹ̫̣˱Ҳ̫ 
ǣ̫̫֮꣬˳̫ǣ˱̫ 
˱̣̫ҲԻ̫ٽȡԿ֮ȡ֮ˣ̫ 
֮Ҳ̫֮٣֮ˣ̫֮Է٣̫֮Ҳ 
\r̫ͼ\ps110-4a13.bmp\r 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>뻯滯Ի
ԣ˹ʤη뻯˥ʤ档̫˲Ϊƽꡣδ 
纥˾࿴ӳîꡣ˾ԡ 
ע֮ˣͳһ֮Ҳ̫ʤηʢ仯ӡ 
̫ˣľ̫ľˣ𻯣̫̽ˣ𻯣̫΢ˣ 
ˮ̫ˮˣҲνηͬ仯ʤҲ˲ 
ʤߣ˥仯ӡٹˣľ滯ٽľˣ滯 
̽ˣ滯ˣˮ滯ˮˣ滯ν 
ͬ仯ʤ֮Ҳ쳽̫꣬ˮ˾죬Ϊ̫ƣ 
î꣬˲˾죬Ϊͬî꣬ˮ˲Ϊ 
Ϊ࣬Ϊƽ֮Ҳ 
ߣ֮ͳһ֮˾֮Ҳ˾Ⱥľľں 
ںԻҲ˾磬Ϊ𣬵λ磬 
Ҳ̫˾δ̫УδδԻڳҲ 
˾꣬λھ𣬻ԻҲ˾ 
îϣΪλϣԻîҲ̫˾磬̫Ϊ 
ˮȻˮУˮ֮磬ԡ鷶Уˮ 
磬ԻڳҲ硢δϡ硢Ϊߣ֮ʵ 
ҲӡîȡΪԻԻߣ֮飬Ҳ 
\r뻯滯ͼ\ps110-4a14.bmp\r 
\rԻͼ\ps110-4a15.bmp\r 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ʮٸ
ԣһ꣬ȪꡣԻ˳˱ԡ 
С棬˿˾첻ͬ꣬Ρ 
ע֮ˣͳһ֮ҲԻü׼֮꣬ͳ֮Ҳ 
˾֮ͳϰꣻȪͳ°֮ҲԻǰ 
֮Ժ󣬵֮ҲʮУáҲ 
ߣν˾ҲȡﺥľҲӡ硢 
ҲҳδҲîϽˮҲɳˮľҲʮУ 
ʮˣ£˳Ϊ֮Ҳ˱ߣν˾Ҳ 
缺ȡľҲδˮҲ쳽ˮ˻Ҳӡ硢 
˽ҲîϽľҲʮУдʮˣϿ£ 
̣Ϊ֮Ҳߣν˾Ҳ󡢹δҲ 
ӡ硢ľҲȡˮľҲˮҲî 
Ҳʮдʮ꣬ϣԻȻӾĸϣ 
ΪС΢Ҳ˿˾ߣν˿˾ҲȡҺľҲӡ 
硢ˮ˻Ҳ󡢶δľҲîϻ˽Ҳ׳׳ 
ˮҲʮдʮ˿¿ϣͣΪöҲ 
ͬߣľȡԻӡ硢ꣻ 
󡢼δԽîϣˮ硣ʮдʮ 
ͬҲԻͬƫʤɡ̫꣬ں 
\rʮͼ\ps110-4a16.bmp\r 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ͶλָƸ
ԣָ϶˾죬ָƶȪ˳ʳָλָλƴ˾켴 
λȪλȻľˮһ 
עƣָͷ˾֮λָƶȪ֮λ˳ʳָƣ 
֮λͷƶ֮λָͷ֮λ˾֮λҲָͷƶ 
֮λƶ֮λָƶ֮λȪ֮λҲľ 
ˮߣ˳֮λҲʳ֮ľ֮֮ 
̫֮ʪ֮ 
̫֮ˮľ𣬻𣬽ˮˮľ˳֮һ 
Ҳһ֮ߣҲΪһΪ 
̫ΪΪһΪ̫Ϊһһ 
֮ÿȡҲԴ˶λȻӡ 
\rָͼ\ps110-4a17.bmp\r 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>̫ͬͬ
ԣͬ᱾ٱ֧άᣬ̫㡣ͬ 
ͬᣬȪͬ˼ͬ˾Իͬᣬ֪ͬ 
עߣν˾֮ͬһҲľľ˾죬ȡҲ˻ 
˾죬ӡ硢Ҳ˾죬󡢼δҲ˽˾죬î 
Ҳˮˮ˾죬Ҳʮꡣߣνٱ֧֮λҲľ 
îîҲ磬ҲϣҲˮӣҲ 
ļ׳硢󡢼δҲάꡣ̫ߣν 
֮꣬ᣬ֧߾Ҳ缺󡢼δ֮ 
˾ͬٳδҲ֮˾ֽͬҲ 
֮˾ֻͬҲꡣͬͬߣνȪ֮ 
֮ͬһҲԻͬľľȪҲȪ 
׳Ҳ˽ȪӡҲԻͬᣬˮˮȪ 
δҲ˻ȪîϡȡﺥҲʮꡣ˷֮ͬ˲ 
ɲ֪Ҳʮ̫꣬꣬꣬ͬ꣬ͬꡣȻ̫ 
꣬ͬʮӡ꣬ͬӡ϶֮ 
ʮֻöʮҲ 
\r֮ͼ\ps110-4a18.bmp\r 
\r֮ͼ\ps110-4a19.bmp\r 
\rͬͬͼ\ps110-4a20.bmp\r 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ִ˸
ԣִ˾죬Ȫ̫ҹ˷أΣֱռ 
ãȻо˳ӣ˳Զ亦С򲡽ٲ 
עа֮ˣ֮꣬ԻִǷ˾죬Ҳ٣ 
䲡ٶΣҲа֮֮꣬ԻǷȪأҲ죬 
䲡Ҳа̫֮֮꣬ 
ԻйˣǷ˾졢Ȫ֮֮㷸䲡Ҳ𣬾 
ҲͬãȻо˳֮ӣɲ֪Ҳ𣬾Ҳ𣬳Ҳ 
٣ν˾٣ϣ£Ϊٳ˳˳ 
Զ亦СҲϣ£Ϊ棬򲡽亦Ҳ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ϱӦ
ԣ֮ϱ׼һ꣬˾ΪڲӦռ 
Ӧô澭ͲΡΥʧ΢߷ѡ 
ע֮ν˾졢Ȫ䡢Ҽ֮Ҳ֮꣬ 
ν֮б֮꣬ν֮֮꣬Ω׼һˣҸɡ 
ˣΪ֮ҲڲӦռߣν˾졢Ȫ 
䡢Ҽ֮λռӦҲӦߣԻ֮Ӧ 
ߣνҲ֮꣬˾죬ռ粻ӦȪռ߲Ӧ 
˾죬ռҴ粻Ӧ̫˾죬Ҽռ粻Ӧ 
ȪȪռ߲Ӧ̫ȪȪҼռҳ߲Ӧ 
ڿ֮λҲ֮꣬䲻Ӧڿ֮λ˾죬 
ռ߲ӦȪռ粻Ӧ˾죬ռ߲Ӧ̫ 
˾죬Ҽռҳ߲Ӧ 
ȪȪռҴ粻Ӧ̫ȪȪҼռ粻ӦȻ 
ʮ꣬ʮ꣬ԷӦ벻Ӧ֮澭 
ģѽ⣬ô澭壬Դ߲֮ҲӦ֮ӦߣΪ 
ҲӦ֮ӦߡΪΥҲӦңӦҶߣΪλӦ 
£Ӧ¶ߣΪʧλҲ΢֮߼ߴ練Ҳν 
֮粻Ӧڳߣ߲Ӧڴ磬Ϊߴ練ӡ硢î 
֮֮ӦңҲӦΪ硢 
δꡢȡ֮ԻҲ 
\rϱͼ\ps110-4a21.bmp\r 
\rӦͼ\ps110-4a22.bmp\r 
\rӦͼ\ps110-4a23.bmp\r 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>΢
ԣʶٹƽаʧֲ΢ʱ 
Ȼʱ¿ظа֤ᡣ 
עˣҲʱк֮ڵղ֮ 
Ҳз硢ȡʪһ֮ڿ 
̫ƽ֮ӦҲ֮Ӧʱ΢ߣΪƽҲ 
Ӧʱ΢ʱȻаʧͲƽ֮ 
ﲡҲʱ֮벡ͬϢ˶Ҳ֮ 
ߣ벻֮֮꣬£ظа֤ضҲ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ƽ̫
ԣľԻͻԻƽˮԻ˳ƽˣ̫ľԻԻ 
ظˮԻܽɣίͷӸ 
ע̫֣Իƽˡľͣ󲼺Ҳ 
Ҳĸ޲ҲƽƽҲˮ 
˳徲˳ϲҲס졢꣬Ի̫֮ˣľľ 
࣬ʢҲأʩʢҲظŨ߸ʢҲ 
ɣҲˮܣˮ̫Ҳҡ 
꣬Ի֮ˣľίͣίҲ²ãҲ 
࣬ҲӸӻҲˮˮҲ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>Ⱥʱ
ԣӦʱƽ첻У̫ʱ̡߳ 
ʱʤ䲡ʤˡ 
עӦʱν֮ա֮ʱաʱΪƽ 
֮ҲʱδΪ̫Իа 
ҲңνҲ̣νҿҲľ֮࣬ң 
ľ֮꣬ľʢܿҲӡβΪаβΪ΢аƢΪ 
аҲʱˡʱδ㣬ΪԻȣаҲ 
ʤνʤҿҲҲʤνʤҲ 
ľҿ֮ηУ֮ˮܲҲľ˥˥ľΪ 
ҲΪʵаĲΪаβаҲʱˣƴ˿֪ 
没֮ӡ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>Ƹ
ԣΪη֮ƸҲУгʤʤӱ 
ĸ𸴣ɣ˷ʱλ̡ 
ע̫ν֮غʤҲľغ 
֮ʤ֮֮ӽľľηƣ򲻸̱ĸҲд˳ 
֮˳ӡľʢƣʤʤ߸Σܲ 
ƢͬҲʤиʢ˥Ȼ֮Ҳľʢ˥֮ӽ 
˥ظʤĸ֮Ҳ߷Σܲ߸ΣͬҲ෨ˡ 
ľ򱻽֣죬ľ֮ҲȻ˷ߣľ 
ӻʲܸҲԱش伺֮λʱ˷Ҳ䷢Ϊ 
Ϊֲɱʷδ֮ʱʤͬʤ߷Σ߸Σ 
ѷ֮ʱΣΩҲ෨ˡ̫ʤνһ 
̫֮˾֮ʤҲ 
̫к˶ߣʤҲܺղܸߣҲ 
ֶߣҲĸߣԸҲƴԿͨҲ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ʤ
ԣаиʤȣʤ˥ֹ΢Ȩ⡣ʱгλ 
ޱأʤգʤ޸ʤʤӡ 
עʤиѭ֮Ҳʤȣа֮ 
ҲʤѶʤ޳ش˴˥ֹȻ֮Ҳʤ򸴣 
ʤʤ΢΢ʤȨ֮ҲȻʤ֮ʱгλ 
ҲޱߣνӦʤ֮ʤҲʱгλߣνʤ֮ʱǰ˾λ֮ 
Ϊʤ֮Ҳ֮ʱںȪλ֮Ϊ֮ 
ҲνʤҲͣʤ޸Ҳʤ޸ߣԿ 
ʱȥѣλ˳ҲʤͣΥ֮УΪ档 
ʤ·˲ΪҲ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>˷
ԣʱˮľ޺㡣ˮѩƮ裬ľ۽ 
ж٣΢̡߲ľ𷢽йˮ֮ƽ 
ע֮ʱʱʱ 
ʱ˸ʱҲˮˮʱÿڶʱߣ 
ˮգˣ֮ʲˮҲľ֮һ֮ʱߣľ 
磬䣬޳ľ޺ʱҲ巢֮ʱӣȻ巢ף 
΢ʱ񲡣ɲ֪Ҳˮ֮΢ΪΪѩѩҲ֮ 
΢ΪʪΪƮ裻Ʈ裬Ҳľ֮΢Ϊ磬Ϊۣۣ 
Ҳ֮΢ΪΪҲ֮΢ΪȣΪ 
Ҳߣν̫Ҳ߲΢̫߲΢߲ѣ 
νԲҲ߼̣ν̡ͬҲľ߽ 
ηҳ仯ηʤͬ仯Ҳˡľνľ֮ 
ߣ泩֮Ҳľ֮ΪҲɢ֮֮Ըʵ֮ 
֮Կӿ֮ƽ֮ʹľ泩ľ֮Ҳν֮ߣ 
ɢ֮Ҳ֮ΪҲ·֮֮֮ 
ɢ֮ʹɢλ֮Ҳйνй֮йߣй轵֮ 
Ҳ֮ΪҲ֮֮֮Կй֮֮֮ʹ 
ͨ賩ν֮Ҳˮνˮ֮ߣ֮ͨҲˮ֮ 
ˮΪʪҲ֮֮֮֮ͨʹˮͨ 
ˮ֮Ҳν֮ߣ¡֮Ҳ֮ʪΪҲ 
ߺ֮߹֮֮֮ʹ裬֮Ҳ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ʱػ岡
ԣʱػͬаͨУа岡岡ܸΡȺϾ 
֧࣬ͬʮֶԭͬ 
΢顣 
עľˮ֮硢ȡʪ 
֮಻ܳУ壬֮֮˻ͬҲа 
֮֮֮ͨСˣϻа֮岡 
Σνһ֮ʹ֮ʤĪӺ岡֮䡣 
ػĪӺ֮ҲΩжڵΪΪȡΪ 
ȺΪΪ𡣸Եʮ֧֮ͬʮ 
жһҲ¡֡ͬȻ΢ᡢ֮״Ҳ 

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<ƪ>̫
ԣľӫ𣬳ˮ̫׽𣬲֮һʤɫͣȣ̫Խ 
һηʧɫĸƣʢ˥켲˳棬ضټ׷֡ 
ע֮ĪȺǡߣľˮ֮ҲľԻǣ 
ԻӫǣϷˮԻǣӱԻǣϡԻ̫ǣ 
֮ǣСâ죬еضȣ䳣Ҳ 
Ϊ֮һ֮֮â֮ǣ 
ɫʤ֮ɫҲľɫҲ𲻼ӫǺɫҲ 
ǻƼɫҲ𲻼̫ǰ׼ɫҲˮǺڼɫҲ 
Ϊ̫֮ǱԽνԽȶڱҲ΢֮λ̫֮ 
Ҳʱ֮һ̫֮֮âӯ֮ǣɫη֮ǣʧ 
䱾ɫ֮ĸɫҲľ̫ηľ֮ǡҲʧ䱾ɫ֮ƣ 
֮ɫҲľʢηصĸΪʼĸɫҲɫӣ 
Ƿ´ˡǵʱʢʱ˥ǳΪ˳ΪֲᡣΪ棬Ϊ 
ֲءضնֲ࣬ءض٣ֲᡣԻ׷Ҳ 

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<ƪ>еֱ
ԣľº٣ҷɣִݰ㡣 
עľůҲչҲ 
Ҳ仯Ҳ磬ҷ˷֮ʤҲľʤ 
ѣΪ۰棬ɢƮ֮Ҳ 
ԻެïΪˮȪԣֽήΡ 
עģҲ仯ެïʢҲʢ 
Ҳ⣬Ҳȣ׹ҶˮȪɺԣ֮ʤҲ 
ʤѣΪｹƣήľ֮Ҳ 
仯ᣬע갶̱ 
עģҲҲ妣 
ҲŨ仯ᱸҲʪ̰ףע꣬ʪ֮ʤ 
ҲʤѣΪ֮꣬Ҳ 
У仯¶࣬ɱ˪罵ֲԸɲľ 
עҲ࣬ྡྷҲգ仯 
Ҳ¶¶Ҳຮ˪ɱ֮ʤҲ 
ʤѣΪԿݣľ֮Ҳ 
ˮ࣬仯ֱ̫˪ѩ 
עˮ׶Ҳ̣ྡྷҲأ仯 
侲Ҳ̫ʢ˺֮ʤҲˮʤѣΪѩ˪֮Ҳ 

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<ƪ>еػȹ̫滯
ԣľëȮģ ţ棬鼦ңˮ 
鶹ʧ̫뻯ҿң滯˽԰ 
עߣë 顢ҲΪë֮ëԺľҲ 
Ϊ֮ҲΪ ֮ Ծ֫Ҳ 
Ϊ֮Լ׼̣ҲΪ۳֮۽ˮˮҲ 
Ȯ飬ľҲӣԻҲţ 
𢣬棬Ҳ󼦣ȵңԽҲ飬ȶ 
ڣˮҲ廯֮֮ͣެʧ֮ͣ 
Ҳ̫뻯ν֮֮Ҳľ̫ë桢Ȯ 
ȡľ֮桢󡢵ȡҹ̫֮ʢ 
ʤߣ仯Ҳ̫֮´ˡ滯νߡҿ߽֮ïҲ 
ľ֮飬󼦡ȵңԻҲǲ˥ 
η֮ҿ߲ηң仯Ҳ಻֮´ˡߣïҲ 

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<ƪ>Ϊ
ԣ֮Ϊͬʷ֣񽫶Ϊһʹҽġ 
ע֮Ϊľˮ硢ʪ֮죬 
ʵΪ֮״ͬҲľ֮֮֮֮֮ʪ 
֮֮֮ˮܹ֮֮Ϊһʹѧҽ 
˼ͷҲ 
ѣľǿֱ֧ʹת࣬Ｑвۡ 
עΪ磬ڵΪľΪΣΪͨڸΣΪ 
ڸľҲҡҲѣҲʲͷҡĿѣҲ 
ҲǿֱǿҲԾڽʲȻǿֱҲ֫ 
ʹʧת࣬ＱвʹԷתﲡҲ 
ʹĻȻ޿񣬱עŻ࣬߱ʹѪꡣ 
עΪȣڵΪΪģΪͨģʹ֮ 
ĻҲ΢Ƥƣʹ뾭ѪᣬǳΪӸ 
Ϊң֮อĲȳģʻðʡҲ 
ԣȳģ񲻱棬೶ԣԶҲȳ 
ţ򷢿Ҳעߣ䱩ˮкˮΪҲߣ 
ＱΪҲŻ࣬θҲ߱ʹҲѪߣ 
ѪڣкΪһʧѪ֮Ҳ 
ʪƢһƦۣʳ֫٣йƵ 
עΪʪڵΪΪƢΪ⡣ʪͨƢʪΪ 
ƢҲʪ⣬׸ҲУʲҲƢʧˣʲҲ 
ƢᣬʲƦӲնʹҲƢȣʳҲƢ⣬ʪʤҲ 
Ƣ֫֫٣ʪʹȻҲƢʪʸйҲ 
 ν𣬴̵ѪɬݺԸɾƤۡ 
עΪڵΪΪΣΪƤͨڷΣΪ 
ڷνҲ ν Ҳνԣ̵ѲҲ 
桢̵ѪԷβҲɬݺԸɾ֮ҲɾƺǿֱԽ 
ҲȻߣҲ֮ߣҲ壬ɬҲңƤ 
Ҳ֮ҲʹʹҲ֮ھҲ 
ˮȻ೹庮̹ǽʹ  ޸ᡣ 
עΪڵΪˮΪΪǡͨΪ 
ˮҲգҲҲˮ仯м֮Ҳ֮ 
࣬ʺ֮ȻҲ֮ˮҺǣʺ֮γҲ棬 
֫Ҳ̣ᾢ⣬ǽʹҲڣ  ޡʹҲ 

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<ƪ>˿̫Ϊ
ԣ̫ľƢа೦йʳ֧طԩ 
ľҡľʤˣŭѣðвʹθ㡣 
עͳΪ˿ר֮Ҳľ̫Ҳ 
Ҳľ̫ǿĸ˥ľľ 
ľʢУΪľ̫֮ƢаΪ೦йʳ٣ 
ءԩԩߣνҲ֮䣬ڵв 
ľҡ֮ľʤѶ˥˥򷴱ˣеҡ֮Ҳʸŭ߼ 
ѣðвʹ֮ƢҲθߣνθ֮ΪƢҲ 
ȴ̫𣬷νа Ѫʧűעʸȶܱ࣬ｹ 
ˮȪԣ꺮˪ˮ޿رʹ̫Ԩ 
ע̫Ҳ𲻼Ҳ̫ǿ˽𡣽 
ĸˮ˥ƻ𣬶˽𡣹ʻʢȴУΪ̫֮ 
νаΪԣٲϢѪʧɫᣬűע£кʸҲ 
ܱҷ֮䣬ڵｹ¡ˮȪ֮ʤѶ˥˥ 
ˮˣ˪֮Ҳʸңرʹ֮ķβҲ̫ԨҲ 
ν֮ΪξҲ 
ʪ̫ˮаۣطԩⲻ֣ʪܺ 
ۼ½к೦ ʹ̫ϪѴ档 
ע̫ҲˮҲ̫ǿˮˮ 
ĸľ˥ˮʢʪУΪ̫֮ 
ˮаΪ֫ʡʹءԩⲻҲʪ֮ 
䣬ڵк֮ܺʪʤѶ˥˥򷴱ľˣз 
ۼ½֮Ҳʸк ʹ֮ƢθҲ̫ϪҲ 
ˮ֮ΪԻѴҲ 
̫𣬸ľаţвٸĿʹľɽͣ 
ʹ вܷѪ磬̫ 
ע̫ҲľҲ̫ǿľľ 
ĸ˥ƽ𣬶ľʽʢУΪ̫֮ 
ľаΪţвʹٸʹĿ ʹҲɱ֮䣬 
вľ֮ʤѶ˥˥򷴱ˣвԸɡ֮Ҳʸ 
 вʹת࣬ȡ桢ʧѪ֮ηβҲ̫壬Ҳľ 
֮ΪξҲ 
̫ˮаĻķʹ˪ѩѼᣬ 
׿Ȳкʳԡ 
עˮ̫Ҳ𲻼Ҳˮ̫ˮǿ˻𣻻 
ĸ˥ˮˮ˻𡣹ˮʢУΪˮ̫֮ 
ĻаΪķ£ԣʹҲ˪ѩ֮䣬ڵ 
жѼ֮ʤѶ˥˥򷴱ˣаɢ֮Ҳ 
ʸסккʳ֮ƢҲţҲĻ֮ 
ΪľҲ 

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ԣ˾٣ϴӲģڵظӦȽѪ 
ѪкƵĿྸףвʹ 
עͳˡΪר֮Ҳ˾죬 
Ҳٽ֮ηʷϴӶҲ˾죬Ȫ 
ڵضҲ֪Ƚӣ񲡴ȣѪ磬Ѫйȡ硢 
顢Ŀࡢɸɡʹʹвʹ֤Ҳ 
̫˾ʪ٣ϴӲڵƢʪ 
ףƦ ֫ʾмʹٸת͡ 
ע̫ʪ˾죬δҲʪˮ֮ηϴӶҲ̫ 
˾죬̫ˮȪʺڵضƢҲ֪ʪ⽻أ 
ףңƦͣ֫мʹٸʹʹڶת֤Ҳ 
˾٣ϴӻ̽𣬷ڵظľʤΪ 
ʧѪĿѣʹ ð򳼷 
ע˾죬Ҳٽ֮ηʷϴӶҲ 
˾죬ľȪʷڵأľʤڸΣ֪Ϊ֣У 
ʧѪĿ࣬ԣѣʹ  ð֤Ҳߣ 
֮پԳҲ 
˾٣ϴӲνڵķκȻ֣񲡺 
죬ԩвʹʹĿʹ СѬ 
ע˾죬îҲľ֮ηʸϴӶνҲ 
˾죬ȪڵضҲ֪Ƚ֣񲡺ȶ 
ȣ ҡ񶯣ԩ죬вʹĿʹ 죬С 
ɫ֤Ҳ 
̫˾캮٣ϴӲģʪڵƢⲡʪȥѰ񲡺 
շȣӸһƤ кʪ 
ע̫ˮ˾죬Ҳٻ֮ηϴӶҲ̫ 
˾죬̫ʪȪʪڵضƢҲ֪ʪϣʼΪ 
շȣӸһл֮Ƥ Զţòʣʪк 
ף֤Ҳ 
˾٣ƢϴƢڵض»ʪΪ񣬶ѣ 
绯֧кƵʳΪֻ 
עľ˾졢ȺҲ֮ηƢϴӶƢҲ 
˾죬ȪʻڵضҲ֪ʪ࣬񲡶 
ѣΣȲ֮кʳݣ֤Ҳ 

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<ƪ>󳣱
ԣδ֮䣬ν˲Ӧʶһ֮󲻶仯飬ζǧ 
ӺϲҪʱػУ֪ҪһԱϣּɢ 
עҽߣν겻Ӧöϰδ֮Ҳʱ֮ߣ 
紺¡ȡҲ֮ߣȡĺ¡ҹҲʱ֮ߣ 
¡ĲȡﲻҲ֮ߣ¡纮ĺҹҲѧ 
ҽߣﳣ֮ʶһ֮󲻶仯Ȼ֮飬Ȼ֪ǧӺ֮ 
ΪĪʱػ֮ҲвӦ൱ʱʱػλ 
βͬͬʱ˻˲ʩ֮޲֪ҪߣһԶҲΪ 
ҽ߿ɲһҮ 
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