<ƪ>ҽ֤λ
ҽ֤λ
ߣ̩

ݣԪ1644-1911 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ͨη
ԣͨΣ൱ϸв飬ͳʩҲ 
ζػ 
 Ǯپ裬ȥ𡢸СͨδС֤ƽζ 
ȣΪƽ̵֮ȣζ֮ԴˡԻػơߣز 
Ҳػƣζࣩǣɽζᣩҩɽҩζʣߣζк 
кζ̣Ƥζ䭿Сθ֤ϥ٣ 
٣ϥţϥζӶţϥ裩ȥккǡζȥк 
裬СƵϰζ裩Ӹӣ𣩣衣֮Դ 
衱 
⡱ 
ţʯĵã 
󶬣Ϊ衣 
ζ裩 
ԭ裩ã裩Ȱζѡ裩תתϵ 
 
塱롰塱֮ͬ˳ҲʳʲߣϢ粻 
Ӳƪơá˲ʳʣȲԣϢߣת 
֮ˮ࣬һһ֮СҪԡƪ 
С㷴࣬һСһ֮ʡۡơ 
һѶΡһһ̿ɾȡԡҽ 
ˮʣ谲ա߰ʱΪ 
㷴֪࣬飬аˮʤˮа 
ٸʼ֮аҲʹ 
ƪơáʹٸмС㲻ߣ֮ 
רС㣬ˮȥˣƷ֮ 
ִ֮ʧ˷֮Ҳ 
ǰڡѡмţϥǰ͹ 
̵ˮΪ̵ϸ˥ˮʢӻߣ 
ԡҽ 
ŷɡԻá˷ԸΪѦ¸ 
ӻʼθлˮʼ£ 
ǰˮ¡رռߡǰ㣬Ī֮ 
ߺ 
߱ף 
Ѫڣ׸һȥƤУڶɹ飨ϴ裩ţ 
ƽˣ˿Ӿƽ轣Ӿƽֽ֬賴Ϊ裬һƹ 
ֽ 
ڵػ 
Ƣ㣬ɫơ˲Ƣ֮Ҳ 
һǮڡһǮڴԡζζӰǮɽ߷ 
 
֣߷֣һǮƢ鳤ԡƢʪƢ 
ѧʿơаõаƢԶ߳ڣȥ 
䳤ϿϿϸߣЧ 
ʥ ֡ҽ⡷ŽơáѪ֮ʥҩ̨̥ 
ѪƢ֮ʥҲ 
ٵϣƢ麮š 
ػƣɽҩأ٣٣ϥţϥ轣轣 
㣩ꪣ죩ζӣʵߣһʯѣǮһ 
񣩷϶ǡϪ裬ٵгȥʵƴ˼ 
ƽƫС ֡ҽ⡷Իáƽ֮ 
Ǳ 
ν㣬ܲģȡ֪ĸأưأ 
 
ϥ룩Ƥ 
ɽǮζ 
 Ǳ׳ˮ˷ơʡۡԻáҶ 
ŷѡעԻáأߣͱԷ 
ô˷Ϊ϶ȡ֤ȣģ² 
Ȼ̵֤ʪ纮аߣ˷ַˡˣΩй 
ǹɬϣǱУټӻƤϺӳߣߣ 
ɽʣݣˣ˿ӣζӣʪˡò赤Ϫߣ 
ʪ 
ŵ 
أƶˣ˲һܲ񡣷赤ɰһ룩 
 
ʳ 
 
ԡҽŷɡԻáŵУӻưɰƢ 
ٱ춬ư֮࣬˲δ֮Ȩ 
跽죬Ӽ£̽ˮΣǱܵ 
ŷѡ 
δ 
£༴εϪ 
ԭν֮ 
һ롣أ 
һ룩飨Ǯ 
ӳһߣ 
һҹ 
Ϫͬ 
ϥƤӸ 
˲Ρ 
 
˲ι̱裩 
ͣ أأ춬ۣ˲ζ 
 
ӽ򰢽˷ˮͬΣȽ˲ιԪΪ 
ͼÿҶϰУӹסĵǱӰʾϨ磬Һ 
֤֮е֮ 
ءĵ 
䷽ģΩˡء֮ͨ԰ߣ 
֮ߣǾ־Ҳöӡζ 
󣬣󶬸һ飨һأһǮΣ˲ 
Ǯв٣أǮ²УԶ־Ǯ 
 
Ѫ㡣 
һѪ 
ѣͨ 
͡裬ɰΪ 
ʥУ 
ǹԶ־ѡȷ֣Σǣ壩ͨϣ 
Զ־ 
ǿ֮Բ֮ٶ֮֮ 
־ͨģϳ̵ǿӡ 
֪ 
ĸˮأưˮأؾܹ壨ˣ 
 
Ҳ 
á֪ؿຮֱʱ֮ô裬̳θ 
ϪķԻáڸ֮ߣشֱ壬ϳڿڣҲ 
֮裬ˮ棬ΪԢϣЮ 
ΪԡＱΪҲôֱ̻Դس 
ֹԲ֮ߣ֮θΪθˣľЮֱ 
֮֮Ҳ߰ôΪ 
ִˡνϪƲƫִףຮ÷ 
顣Ϫν࣬㡱衣֪ຮ÷ 
׻鵤Ϫ֮ƫΪҲ 
ͨ 
裩ŶԫϣΪιƴˡߣСҲ½ 
ڲʶСء½Ѫ֣ʲʶءϳΪߣ 
ҲߣҲʹԿֹۣȷҶʿ 
ôзȣΪм֪ĸƳһأưؾƳζŨຮ 
ù 
ΪΡ 
ԫزءԻá򲻵С㡣С߰Ϊˮ֮Դз 
ȣڿʶС㲻ͨߣ֮ҩкΣˮ֮ԴҲ½Ѫ 
ʶС㲻ͨߣҲζŨ֮ҩ֮ƷС㲻ͨ 
ʯѳˮҹߣʳҽ˼ʡơá 
ԻҲ֡áΪŻܡڹ֤֮ϤߣڵϦ 
촦˷ǰ絶̻գȪ֤һϽֶʣһ 
½Ѫֶʣθͬɲ档 Իá飬Ի 
֮ 
裩 
¹ǽ˪¹˪أʰأˣ˿Ӱ 
 
油ǡ֬˾ǿգͨ뷿߾ɢ棬 
ȥ֮֮ζܸҲ֮Ʒר߶̫ 
ϣܰ˾裬ڹǿգڶ֮ضᣬ躣ӯʹߣ 
½Խҩ̫ڶϳ躣ɰ˷֮ 
ԭߣ룬֮ͨ強ʯ¹׸ 
飨飩  棨ʣɰ롣裩 
¹ɣࣩ 
ξ֮⣬νѪǼ 
йԾ飩˲Σһ轣࣬Ƚ¹ʮ 
 
ɣ𰾽ٽ轸ͷѪ񽻲档ʱ䡶ݸĿԻá 
ͨȡףԲĲѪҲ¹׳βͨ 
ԲҲͬÿԲߣҲ 
ʹ 
ʡҪ΢ۡԻá֮תҡܣӡ 
ңʮȥƤУ⣨١һ麮֣ࣨ 
麮ΪΪԡ⽪٣ȥζ͡ƹͬãѪˮ 
֮ 
β麮Ѫ÷࣬ƴԣǿ 
֪ĸƹ޺ңˮĸ֮ϺҲˮĸ Ҳ 
ǮңºһƤتƤá̵һЧ 
Σղʳ˷һ֭Ҳʳ 
ѡעԻáջӱݡơáʳ ϸҼ 
жʳ÷ӣ̵Ắ֮ԣڷΣ˿ƣΩҿɽ֮ 
̵ 
 
裩Ů꣨ӣ 
ݣǿá 
ɣ裨һɣ裩ɣҶһ飬֬Ѫղϡ衣 
ʪ 
ȡԪ 
סԻáԪľ˲߶ 
⣨һ룩ҩɽҩͣʵһ룩Ǯӣ޲һ 
ޢʰǮɰһ룩޽һۣһ髣һ룩£ 
Ƥ 
̥ 
ü油 
©©θʪȶɣӿηЧ׿ᣬƢ 
֮׼ױ㿰ʹʹʹ̨̥ 
ۺΪƢθ֮ҩʧƷ֮ӡҩζ̫ӣȫ޷ȣô 
֮߰ȫƢθ仯˷ƢθԷ 
ˣδἥ֮Ҳ 
ޱɽҩ 
 ˼㡶ǧҪ֮Ϊס 
ζءߡɽǡкɽҩȥƤȥƤ 
ʯ֬ʯ֬أˣ˿٣ϥţϥͣ 
 
פսҩ裬һǮǮ룬¾¡ 
ΪҲο˼㡶ǧҪơáɷˣͷ 
Ŀѣ֧ʣȣƢۣ 棬ʳ⣬ʳ޸ 
˥Уޱɽҩ֮ҩͨţԱη 
裩 
أأ  ٣٣ϥţϥ˿˿ʯɽҩƤ 
 
˽ 
Ҳ 
ԪרѪ 
ƷɫڣרѪڣͬڶŴһѪࣨ 
ͬƹʣֽңиࣩݰŮ꣬Ů 
֬ 
ҩ 
ؾ 
Ѫ󳦣裩 
飨ʣʣࣩأһ룩׿ǣأã 
 
Ϊĩ 
ƢԼ֮ 
˪ 
衶̫ƽͼַǣһˮɣúڶһʱɹɡأ 
ĵãţʯ죨ɰʯ¹ףˣţϥ 
˿к㣨һӣۣʮƽգ 
һؿӣ̿ճ࣬ȥԴ׶ڿӣɣ˱Ͷڣӵ֮ 
ȡȥƤꡣ 
ɬ׳ 
 
ءʲ˱ơáڴߣ澫 
ض٣ȷ֣ҡ裨ءʲ˱ơáƢ 
Ȳ澫ȡʹߣЧмˣ˿ӣϥţϥ 
֦ܣ«ͣ«ֽͣƹֽӣ죬ҩ裩Ƣɰ 
΢ 
ռñ·裬Ǽ磩ɣ ޲ʣ٣٣ϥţ 
ϥϣϣ 
ۣͬ 
أʹ 
Ǽ 
 ˼㡶ǧҪţ裩裬һ֣һܺܺ 
 
˼ 
͡ 
¹׾ 
һҾ裩أضһ飨ɽһ٣ 
һϥ 
ţϥңʯһ˿һ룩⣨룩ů 
 
һ˷磬˥ܣžС 
Ҳ 
ϲ裩 
ܻߣǮʮУȥߣɹã 
 
赯Ӵ󣬿ϸ¡ɥ֤˽̵𣬾Էĵ 
ơáǧ꣬Сľ״ϲ֥֮ʽ 
ߣǰζɬ֮רɥ֣֮֮ 
鱹ΪǴߡη̵ԣ߲ؽᣬɲá 
ʯ 
Σĵã һϴ衣ҡ 
ߣ 
ʯơáţܷҲŨθйʪη 
Ҳ򡷻֮塣Ƿ֮Ƣθʪ 
ҹΪйˮ֮ǣΪˮ֮Ũθйˮ԰Ƣʤʪ 
йƢʪĵ̺ʤȣɬֹšʪ֮Ҳ 
ζӡŻ֤࣬ԽΡΡʪ֮ 
Ҷ֮ ӡʳݣθʪȣ֮ 
̾ 
֮¹ףһߣ¹˪ͬף𣬣ʯǮߣ 
ꪣǮأһӣһӣǮζӣǮ໨ǣ  
津йζҲԶ֮ 
ɬҲ 
ľ 
̫ƽͼַк壬Σ˲ΣߣǮʲݣһǮ 
ȡ 
˥ٲƢΪͳƢٲԻáò 
Ƣ;ҪҲ߰þòƦߣ˲Ʀ 
ƢҪҲ΢ԻƢ粹˼Ի粹ƢҲ 
Ҫϸ뵱ӡϸߣƢҲ˴ϸߣƢѪ 
Ƣģģ£Ƥ̵³̵ 
 
Ƣ̵֮ģģΪ칦ɢǮҡСҩֱ֤Ƣθ 
 
㣨ľ㣩ɰʣθʹɰ麮θʹľӣ 
 
ҽ⡷Ǣ²߷֮ˮͣ£ʼˮ鷳 
ʼʰ񡣣ӣ֭ࡶϪķ̵ 
 
飬˴Ѫ飬Ȼ಻ɾࡣȻ 
̵֤зжͬη 
߰ɢ 
ⶹ£Ƥɽҩʣݣģɰʣ޲ʣζƢ۹ϸҩ 
ϸ汣 
ΣҩԣƢ񡣣Ƣθߣ飬ʪͣ 
˷֮ 
ʮζ˲Σɢ 
ΡߡݡġƤӲ񣨺𣨸֣ҩˡƢ 
뵡ʱ 
ȣȳȣ뵡̵񡢸 
ȣ 
ζɢ 
ľȫΡߡݡ޽ɸľƢľ֮ǣ 
֮ 
ҺΡɸ򡣣ƻƻŻܴЧƢкʼ塣Ƣй 
Ч 
ף 
鷳к֡ߣס֣֣߸ʲ 
ʹвΣ˲ΣǰоСΪ֮淽˳ 
Ƣ䣬ľߣɽӸɽʹ¹Ϊ 
֤ 
δ棬֮ʱȣ֤ȡ 
׿ɢ 
Сȥַߡȥ֪ľ 
̿Ρ˳麮ɢȣԴľӼɢľ 
ҩⶹ 
׶ľɽҩⶹף塣θԳҽ 
һ֤ۡԻáСֹȣҽˣ 
ٽνΡ˱飬Ԫ⣬ٷȣ 
ɢ뾬׼壬θڶӡھײ١ 
񣩺ˣˣʢߣˣ 
Ƣ裩 
Σ˲ΣƤʵɽ ѿ档£ 
 
ˡΡƤѿһɽһ룬ʵﳴ裨 
ԫ˱ۡŽŷ油ʵﳴһҶ 
档Ҷ׷иΪ裬θ׵֮裩Ϊ 
Ʀˮʩѡˮƪơá¼ᣬ̣ˮ 
ʵö· ɢҲ 
 
 ԫ˱ۡ  һǮ£Ƥף 
 
֡ҽ 
Ρ 
ʲУʵʹΪ̡Ƣθ֮֮ߣҲ 
˹ã߰üۣƢθ֮Բӡ֤ 
ͷʹ񺮣У̣֫룬飬˿ɱҲз 
ݣ˷ȣʱʱֹϢ֣Ϣ΢֮ͷʹ 
﷽գ֮ͷʹ񺮣էէֹԫ˱桷ϸ֮ 
򡣣 ֡ҽ⡷ʿԻá˸ðηɢߣ˷Դ 
ɢҩʳ֫룬Ƣ֤ηȣ⺮ȡ 
 
̹ʶູ ֡ҽ⡷ԻáԺ˲Ƹ 
ˮΡ ֲȱĸη㿰Σ 
ñΪ;Ƣ֮ȻġΡɷ 
߻УߵӪҲΩ 
߸Ҳ½Իá֮΢ 
˥΢һᣬǴľҡ䱾Ҳűò 
 
ݡƢסȫ޺Ȼɣ߰ò 
裬Բ˺֮δǲ鷽Ҳк 
ʧԫ֮ӡԻǷȻʵвɢɢ֮⣬ 
Ƣݵ֤Ҳȫޱаȣ 
ˡȻΩа߹̿ɢ֮ 
ԫ֮УһΪ뵱 
ɲҲ̵񡣣Ͻ̵ΪΪŻߣɷ 
 
壩Žȥ ɽҩء 
󡷡Ч仯·ת¡ŽԻ 
㣬аߣôɢвЧľ 
ԫƢθۡƢ 
鲹Ѫ 
ԫţ һ飨飩Ǯ׸ޡҽԻá ڵ 
Ѫ 
ߣ֮Ѫ֮ʶԻ֮νҲ 
˴˼塣ơáиѪ鷢ȣෳ 
飬ذ΢ߣ鲹Ѫ֮˲Ѫ֮Ҳ׻ 
 
̫ƽͼַأأ֣֣飨飩ܺܺѪҰٲ 
˷ͨ 
Ѫ֮䣨ľӣΡߡݡѪ˫ƹ硣ľ 
 
ﲹѪټӻ 𣬣Ԫʮȫ󲹣ۡΪ 
֮ 
 
ȫ 
Ž 
ŷ볦гйƢѪͬ崿΢塱Իá˷η볦θ 
йȡθ磬ʵη֮ҩѪθʹԳƢѪЮʪߣʵ 
̡ 
˲Ӫ 
ʮȫʮȫܺζƤԶ־档ȴܺ 
 
ƤԶ־ӽ棬ƢѪȡԭƢѪ顣ԡҽŷ 
ƷΪƢ֮ҩڲⲻУע飬Ҳ 
Ͷ˼ϤȬѦիơáѪ飬֤Ī״ 
֤Ϥˡ 
Ƣ 
ú͡Σ˲Σ  Ǯ룩飨һǮ 
ݣ 
Ǯ룩ӽ 
֮罡 
Ƣߣ֮ 
ȣƢ 
ߣԱ 
ò 
ʲһǮ  һΣ˲ζǮ룩ܺܺ 
 
ټ棨ʳ 
ͬһð 
Ԫ 
Ž·󡷣Ϊ𣬣һҲ˲زݣ˲ݣǣ⣩棬 
 
 
Ҳ 
飨ǣ⣩أأҩɽҩߣߣԣ轣ӣݣ˲ݣ׳ 
ˮ 
Ϊ׳ˮ֮ 
ݣ˲ݣӹ¹ 
ݣ 
˿ӡţϥ 
Ӫ 
ѪԳӡ 
ףô֮ 
ҹ飨ӣ𣩼ɽҩӵػ˲ɽǲȱ֮Դ 
ЧĪȡ 
 
ݣ˲ݣ¹ǣ룬˿ӣ衣ڱȥʲݣ¹ǽ˿ӡ 
飬 
ҹ衣Ž·Իáߣƣӣ岻գ 
ۼа˥ӵ֤֮Դ֮Ԫǿӡ 
Ի 
ذζ 
Գ 
 
ô壩飨飩ϥţϥأк׿Ǵӡ 
Ს¶ᣬͨڲڡ 
𣬶ؽ᲻ͨ¶ᣬֲòͨߣô֮ͨ 
 
 
Ԫ 
κҡȫ鲩ļΣ˲ζǮ  ǮݣʲһǮ 
 
 
 
طģ裩 
񣬣Ѫ̵Σ˲ǮǮܺܺһ飨һ룩 
 
Ǯ죨ɰǮ 
иʲݡĻ 
ݰ 
ӡ̫ƽͼַǣģ׸Ӷ 
 
Уɹ¶轪ɣζˮȡηɹ¶գԪ׷ۺ裬 
£̱¾£磬¡̵̱Сһз̵֮Ҫҩ 
Ԥ֮ 
ָԡ 
߶ģһгηۣ磨Ǯ룩׿ǣǮﳴ 
֭裬 
ʮ裬¡̵ۣͣϸİѡ̵ 
米ʹϸҲ֮ԡҽŷɡԻá̵ҩ 
Ч̵֫˼米ʹְΪ磬Σ 
Ƹָ֡裬߿ѵѪʹñ 
ѵ 
ԡһ̵̵֤֮ۡѱ֤Ϥҽעǣʹر 
֫˺ر㣬ǣǣʹעн ̵ 
ΪǷ֤Ҳ˿ѵอˮʪꪣȥƤˮȥɫɹй 
ˮʪ죨ȥģƣƤĤ̵֮档ȷ֣¡ʱ䡶 
ݸĿԻá̵̵֮֮ˮҲʪҲͶΪ̵ΪΪ 
顢Ϊ񱡣йอ֮ˮʪо֮ˮʪ׽ɢƤĤ̵֮Ωߣ 
湦Ҳ 
 
 ҽͨգӣ棨׽ӣʣӣ̵̵ 
ʢ 
֮鴭𡣣ʿԻá˷ߣҲࣨɢ ǮС 
ҩֱ֤ľͨҶȷ֣İ㹥ʹС 
кĻСгҲ 
Ӽ˼ʳ 
ߣݣʲݸǮ룩ѿƶƶϣľϰ÷ 
 
ɡ 
跽ͣĩһ 
ȡ裬ʮ衣Һ֤Ƴʯ֬աʮĩ 
ʢˮͳʯ֬ڡ̼ã գȡ 
ˮ͹ġƷŷѡע麮 
ʯ򣨻ƣĲʯࡣѧʿռñ· 
λң飨֬ʯʯƤƤ 
ʳ䣬ڷΪкҩͨ 
ͼͨơأ顣ɰ 
ˮһɰӡ׹̵ʢ 
ҩ׹ƽɰӣƳɰ 
׹֮ʤɰӹ𣩸ӣ«֬ 
壨ӣ⣨ޢ㣩㣩ľ㣩ԭŲ书С 
ôˣ 
ʯ򣨻ƣ 
ʯơˮ֮ 
ӡľٳɷ˾ŵ˵ͷм 
ɢ ˣ 
һԺԺֹߣа 
 ÷繦衣ԫԻá ÷ 
 
ʹҲŷѡעԻá Զۣ 
̻з磨䣩Ѭ£ͨ 
 
÷йƢй 
 
ܺ顢֡ظһǮ룬һǮΣ˲Σ  ݣʲ 
 
ǮһаġӪվкȣΪδ 
 
ôӪɢȣϸȫ׳ˮӡ൱벹 
ҩ㲻ϣΪˡͨӪרɢҲ 
ƣ 
κл𣬵ȡ  ӱأưأˣˣ 
أ 
ءȷ֣к̱Ƹ졣ʱ䡶ݸĿԻá 
 
ҩֶ̨̥췶Իáֹ 
󡢴ҲƴҩຮθɡʿԻá 
˿ຮɱ֮֮Ωʵǿ֮Ȼຮ 
Ŷ 
ԡ򼫡һ֤ۡ©磬ͷΪ۶ģͷԳ 
֮©硱ͷҲϽ˷磬Ͻ֮⺷ 
ʧаţ֤Ͻ֮֮˷θ֮Թ 
ĸ֮壬µϽ֮ѭаȴֹ«㣨 
ף¾ףǰҩ칦ɢС˲ΡߡʲݡƤ 
 
ͨ 
ֹŻ 
µ 
ߡʲݡġƤʵ棨棩ѭ 
θ 
̵ǲŻ̵Ѳ£̵й񡣣ºθ̵Ͻ 
½֮ȡڵߣԵΪӳԿຮֱ֮Ҳ 
޹й֮ǣԵ֮Ҳ˺˹֤鷳Ż񣬿ڿ಻ 
֤Ӳ񡣣̵񣩻Σ˲Σ棨 
 
ɼȡӼ˲Ρʣ˲µ߼ӻ 
𣬵ѱ߰Ϊλ 
ľĶԵߣ飬׳ߣȻߣ 
٣ʵڵʡʡۡԻáʮһ࣬ȡڵҲ 
ңɢ 
̫ƽͼַõ飨ư裩֣־Ƴ񣨺ߣߣ 
 
һݣ˲Ǯннɼ塣ɢ棬ζƤ 
ɽ 
šθμѪͷʹĿѣճڿ࣬뵡ʣ֣ 
ȡѦիӵƤкѪȣɽζңɢθ˾ˮ 
Ҵ飬ͨ˼Ƕ࣬Ѫ̵ʪʳҲΪ 
֮ϪȻ˼ŭ߶ࡣ˼Ƣ񡣣˼ƢƢ 
ľʤΪ˷ƢƢ֮ңȴң 
ġ롰ҡͨ˷ɢҡѪȴң 
ɿԣ쵤ϪԻáɿԼΪΣϵ֤֮ΩңɢԷ̷֮ 
˺ű 
ж֤ľ 
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