<ƪ>Ϻ
Ϻ
ߣʿ  
  
ݣԪ1644-1911  

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ԣҽ֮СҲСУԺţСӡȻ˪һ㣬۰ܣ 
Σ 
꣬ ˹롣ɼ칤δȫСмʩ֮ɡ 
δϾ᪻ϰӹҽ֮Ҳ̰֮ҲΪӣϦΪ֮ 
ɣĪ־ҲȻʿ磬Ժ긨࣬һԼ 
ΣĪ֮ģ۰ԸĪ֮졣ٹݶɽ֮´ڷᣬ 
ʮǱϪϣ߶һճȻ֮˹֮⣬֮룬 
֮ͨ죣ڴˣҲԻ꣬ı书ʥ 
£Ϊѣܱ֮ʡ޽ӡ棬СҲʵɣ 
СHT Ϊ¶ںգԾʹ֮ΪѰ 
ҩ֮ˡ֪Ϊ֮飬Ҳ 
\xǬ¡ٹ֮ϻ˽ʱ¼\x 
\xǬ¡îȷҷڴ¼\x 

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ԣʺΪʳŻ֮أܲΣգ֢ԼҪܹڻ𡣸 
 
ʺΪ֢֮ۡƻΪۣΪ 
ף٣ʶΪԣ̵ͨơһһΪԡ 
̵̵֮߻֮ꡣʵʵӦʳ峴 ֢̽ʣ 
̵գԣ֢ظҶȥ̵ȶ 
Ӧ̫ӦŭӦɫϹʺض糣΢ 
˲齵𡣷ҩ˴úȡЧĿǰδк𣬶˹븹 
ǰףϴйָڣԺȫʳκ֢ 
ɷ˲ǳѪѾߺ⣬ߣв롣 
ʺʧ޷ӡм֢һպսߣ 
ڲ飬֢࣬麮̵ɵ 
Ǵ̵нҺ֢ ̵߲֮ͬ߶ 
رСҩˮ֮ʹһͨҩɢͽ⣬ڶʩ² 
֮ҩպٷսʹʹв۵֢Ρʱؽգ 
ף࣬лммߣٷȣߣ 
֢ʯܶɢ֮Ȼ֢֮罥֢֮պ󣬶ߣף 
಻ΪΩ֢δطգڲףߣΡ׿߲ 
Ρɫҡӡɰֽ߲ұ෢ȣ̿Ҳ簴֮ɫѩף 
缴ɫ֮ѪȻڳ̿ɻȼɿڿ̵ҽߣ 
ӡһߣ༫ΣҲϣף߾㲻Ρ 
ߣп֮ɫϲʹߣ༫Ρأ 
ΪϵͨײΣ߱ 
֢ȿ֮Укɫ߲ΡϺΣ㲻ҩ֮֮ 
ȴһ֮ѨѪߣ̡ôһ 
ѪϺɫߣ֢֮ҵߣ֮Ҳ 

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ԣ̵磬ȣӦȶʣʺ֢֮ߣ 
Ҳ 
Ҫȥ̵ⶾƣ֢е˫飬Ӧɫ 
һʹպףΣϸǣϸǼӸףƶ֮ 
տ֢ںԣһΪ죬Ϊ˫졣˫أأ 
ΪĸΣ״ߣΪ졣 

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ԣѪͣ˶໼֮縡ƼԸ߶Ũɫںԡ 
ʮգ࣬Ҫ֮÷ɿڡ 

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ԣףν¹䡣˿羰ҤﺣҶ˿һ㡣 
ʳ谭ʹ䲻ʧܾӡ 

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ԣʳ Ũζơȶβ״׶ʹ 
෢ͷʹտ 

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ԣ ಡҲɱ 
˸ߣ໼֢СߣΪ ࡣʹߣΪӸ 
ʹߣǡ Ӹߣס 

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ԣ˺ΣΪղͨ 

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ԣ꼱ȶձ̴٣Ȼʺʹ䣬ת 
Ƚ 
ڣ⣬ں˿ƣָװɫ׳ȣ׶󣬷̵ʢ 
ҷҲΪ֢һգοΡһҹĿֱӣ 
 
ɫȣֿڿߣ򡣱شһʱҩ˼ͷ 

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ԣȻͲ֢ȾãѪѿݣ򦣬кóҧ 
ϵΣƽ㣬Ρ 

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ԣ۷ȳʹѣ⸡ףϺɫѪá 
©ǰ֢öݷгŧѵΡ䣬߲ 
϶֢θ顣 

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ԣһ硣һС飬ϣϻ£ڻ⣬״ӲӸ 
ͬС죬η಻ѡ 

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ԣҧУݲܿؽա֢أҹȻ಻Σ 
 

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ԣθ綹޶ڻ⡣ 

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ԣݷѪƢθʵϹ¡θ𶯣µѪʱʱ 
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ԣ״Ϻɫߵ״ϵʢѪȣ͡ 

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ԣʹȣʹ̣ϷϿҲǰ֢δ 
Ϊ 
ۣƼΪɫ߿Σ߲Ρ۶۷©ǣη 
 

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ԣ̥󣬷óᣬɱ١ϷߣΡɫɽ 
һ 
һ֣һ磬Ҳг価 Ϊ֮ 
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ԣ׳࣬ʹȣãΪ֢ 

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ԣ״ľʢؽףƣϻƣʹĻ𡣣 
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ԣͷ״Σת¡һ֣£棬Ͻ 
 
ʹȣ״󡣳Ȭ£ 
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ԣľ࣬ϣľ״ɫϡ֢ 

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ԣϣݣ綹ǡͣĻڱطҡ 

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ԣãСͬη 

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ԣһѩڡСϰм 

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Ҫ 
ϸҪղɣռӲΡзٷԼһ⣬ 
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ԣǰףڹףնŧӸ£ǰ֢ 

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ԣ£ʳŨζƣȶ¡ 

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ԣСݣһһ࣬ 

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ԣθ £˼Ǳŭ̵Уڴ綹 
ͻ 
ףӲʹʳѪΡ֢Ӵľ׳ 
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ԣ֢ռأǰ֢δŧҩɢգŧ 
 
㴩ƣóһôÿҩǡ顣˺켰 
߲Ρ֢ǿӲĿӣʶ಻Ρ 
֢Ǽ֢һδطȣỺշȣ֢ؼء 
С 
֢ͨӣϹⶾ֮㲻ͨ 
ʵ𣬷ýⶾؼ֮ͨҩӺζйӺζ⡣༴ͷ 
ʹͷʹ˺Ρ 
֢ٹ󣬷Ȭؽᣬδް 
֢𣬴ؽᣬôơ֮ͨԽȬⶾ֮ 
ȥ 
ǰӴơ֮վòʳأ̱֮Сǲθ 
ƣֻ۵ؾҲ̵֢߲Ρ 
֢봵ҩܣɳ̵οȫ̵ñҪýΪ 
ֱԺش֮ܣ̵Ż 
֢һգñ̵ӽ𵤡ߣΪý𵤣̵ܵ 
̵ǽ𵤲ɡ 
֢ǰףϵӸ۵Ӱҩ֮ζʹߣõ 
ݻҴ֮ 
˺ʹ򾭱գ»Ϲߡڷͨҩͨ 
֢ߣ淢ף޹ʣ΢й֢֮ϲΡ 
淢ף֢أԪʢ֮Ȭ 
ڿã˿࣬պˮʹߣҩ粻ʹߣ⣬ 
Ρ 
ڣ⣬ҩߣýϡǣмϸĩȷֺ 
 
УԿ̵ԳȻպʲ䴽ڣټζҩ 
Ӷ߱ƬƵ 
ҩ黼ΧҪ֮ɢҲϸ 
 
ڴҩ󣬻ˮʪ֮ҩɴϡڴƽùܱΪ 
״ưĩӱƬ֮ѪóؼӱƬ֮ 
 ࡢӸգӦҩڼۡơС㲻һɢ֮Ч 
һҲ 
ñ̵֢ߣƬڸʲݣʲݶڱƬ 
Ӹףزգܿءҧףͻ 
ؽգڲܿߣý𡢱̶û 
죬ؽ𵤴뻼 
̵֢ 
ҩߵͷ̵١ 
Ӹ˫죬ñ̵֢𵤡̵ã֪Ⱥѣ̾ŷ 
һ 
֣ܣñ̰˽ٴñ̵߷ֽ֢֡أ̡룬 
κ̵ѱգȻýģֱԺУشһֳܣ̵ 
ҪҲ֢أý˷̶ֱ 
֢飬óҩ֮ñ̵֮ 
\xͨ\xиɷ 
  Ƥ ϣһǮ ţϥһǮ֣ ֣ܺ 컨߷֣ ʲݣ 
֣ ۹һǮ 
ѪȼӴءƤȼټϬǡòмľӡҶʹԪ 
 
ʡʹӶٱţϥҩ۵̿ɫԡΪΪȥ 
ΪƲݻҡٲ˪ʲݡƬΪʹȽ񵤡ٲ˪кͺƲݻУ 
ɡʲݡмϸƬȣ۵Ӹʱʱʡ֢ 
ҩ 

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ԣ񵤣ѩ˪һ綹ޣ¯̿ 
 
ȣʳ޵ף֮޿ΪνϺǮСͶ£Լʮ֮ٴν 
ɰǮͶ£ʮ֮ͶͶ£ȾǰͶ 
Ͷֱ꣬޿ڣͷɼ̿ɿݡȻþһ 
ţ޿һʱȡ𣬽ţΪϸĩˮ׵ͣԳ׳εϣ 
ںɣȡ޸ྻϣֽĵأ븲֮գá 
޼߼ѣм߲ã۵ãҩ ʱ˻Ȼ 
̫·ܻؼʵƣм估ּӷĩȾ 
Ͷ𣬱زȫ¼ʵӡ֮ɹޣȡ¯Ҳ¹ 
Ƚ̿Ȼ¯಻ɷʪ̿Ϻ棬ʹʪޣ顣˵֮ޣ 
ж˹˵Ʊ 

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ԣéߣν֮ٲ˪ȡߣļڱߣ㲻áȹȥһ㣬 
ȥһ㣬عΣŹ㣬ֲá 

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ԣȼƬþΪʲΪŨƬȡ̯ϣ 
ɫ罹ȥ֮һΣɹá 

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ԣȡˮû¯ϣΣȥ̣ 
 
֮ȡ䶨ȥǣȡڵߣ֮õϣ˹Ϊ 

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ԣɫߣϣˮʪڳ󣬽ܼ̲飬ͷŨ 
 
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ʪϣ븲֮ȡ𣬰ȥ֮ң򿪿ҩҺɫ߼ѡ ʱ 
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ԣ·ǹǹȻߣ䳤Ũߣպ 
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ԣÿ֣ٲ˪ף鲧ϸƲݻһ壬߻ɫټӸʲĩ 
 
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ҩʱϣռã죬һռá 
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Ҫ̵ټɡ߼ѡϸҶСҶߣȴá 

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ԣÿǹһǮ˷֣ѻö֣ɸȡϸĩȥֺɫߣϸ½ 
һ 
һְ룬еɫӱƬһȡҩԾãΩƬü롣ҩר 
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ټţڱڣ֢ؼ裬ӽϡֻ֢ѻơǱ̵̵ 
ⶾ磬Ϊƽ׶ȣգ̵ѣΪҪ 
֢𣬽𵤲˶ãֱ͸ڣɢ𼴶֢֮ʤ 
ҩ뺴Ҳҩܳ⡣ÿ֣亢һְ룬ưĩһ壬 
Ƕ壬ȡϸСΪĩ룬ʹ壬ʲĩ֣° 
ĩ֣ĩӱƬ壬ƿ飬ᴵ֮ʹ 
ߣౡɣȡܷɢҲףȲԳΪ 
 
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ؿᣬС̥ᣬţƱ飬޲ЧΩ߲Ρ 
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޲Ӧϵؾ 

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ԣԪ  ţ ǰ ̿ ɽ  ۹ ʲ  
ӽ緢ȼӲͷʹ ʯࡣڸɼ󶬡֪ĸƼ׿ǡ 
ȼҩĸ㡣 

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ԣɽ ֮õã ľͨ ̿ ϬǣһǮ  Ƥ  
 ʲ 
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ܺãһޣ̿ ֮÷̿ޣ÷⣬ ֮ 
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ԣһε졢˫졢죬̵֣һ֣ô̵ 
 
ӻϬǣϼӳ֡˫֮㲻ͨ׿ǡۣͨ 
֢գڵ׶ϸǣӸ֢ 
һκӸ𵤡̵ڷҩҩ 
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һκ𣬱̵֣һ֣ñʹƵʸҩ 
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һڷƢ֮ɢֹ֮ 
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Сɫľͨսᣬۣʳãóҩ֮ 
˷ 
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ȥ֣ͣ ڣһǮ ƤһǮ˴ࣩ ɰ֣ Ƭһ壩 
Ϊϸĩ޻ָţպҩָ֮𶯣μֹ 
 
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Ǯ ԪΣǮ ӣǮ 죨Ǯ 
ΪϸĩΪ裬۴ÿһ裬¡澪磬ɰΪ£С 
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һοںڽᶾ 
ɣķ֣ 飨֣ ʲݣ˷֣ ţƣһ֣ Ƭһ֣ 
Ϊĩ̵֮ɽᶾϺɨ 

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ԣ 棨Ǯ   ʯǮ֣ ҩ ʲݣһǮ 
ΪϸĩȣɵϣԻ¼ˮͰ۵롣 

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ԣοڱǷá 
«   ɣ֣  ɰ֣ Ƭ壩 
Ϊϸĩ 

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Ϊĩ֮ 

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ΪϸĩƬУ롣 

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ԣҧӸࡢꡢӸ 
֣ˮ߼ѣ Ʋ  ѻ  Ǽ⣨˻ң  ʲ 
ĩƬУٺȴ֮Ӹ£ 

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ԣηӿͷĿ壬ʺʹ֮Һ̵ѡ 
ɣʮ ˪ ۹Ǯ ʲݣǮ ܺǮ ҩ 
 
Ǯ 磨һǮ ɰʣǮ 죨Ǯ ԪΣǮ Ƭ ɰ 
ǣǮ 
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ԣʲ Ԫ ǰ   ɽ  ʯ    ۹ 
 

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ԣؽաðͶѹֽϣȡֽӣ𣬽ѬС 

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ӽ 

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ԣ֢ԿΡ 
ٲ˪Ǯ ÷һǮ ʲݣǮ ڭ⣨ǮУ Ƭԣж٣ 
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ᡢӿڡѩڡһ֢רûɢһʲǮ״󣬳 
ɫתǮưǮƬԲС 

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ԣɰǮ 屶ӣȥĩǮ 
ĩãӿڡѩڡ 

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ԣ÷Ǯ ɣǮ 裨һǮ֣ ʯһǮ֣ ˮɣ ʲ  
ɰһǮ Ƭ֣ 
ɳ 

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<ƪ>ڷ
ԣӴߣȥˣ ӡƤϸ󡡢аף ţʸ⣬Ұ 
ȡţɾ߼ѣǮ֣Ƭһ֡ 

<Ŀ¼>֢鷽
<ƪ>״ɢ
ԣκƣôҩ֮һơ 
Ƥֽã̾Ϻȥֽٺ棬мϸĩ ɣ˶ζ 
Ϊ ɰΪ ƬΪ Ϊʹ 
ζΪϸĩƿմ档ƺ֮Դ롣 

<Ŀ¼>֢鷽
<ƪ>ַ
ԣ ûҩ ݷ 屶ӣջң Գ϶ ӿ С ָ ϲ񽣨 
Ҹһ 
Ϊĩ֮Ч 
 ٲ˪֣ Ʋݻңһ壩 ɣһ֣ Ƭһ֣ һ֣ ɰ 
֣ ʲݣһ֣  ѻƣ֣ 

<Ŀ¼>֢鷽
<ƪ>ҩ
ԣǰ顣 
ưأ˷֣ һǮ лƣ֣ ɣ֣ 裨֣ ǣ֣  
оңж٣ ӣһ֣ Ƭ壩 
˿֮طҲ֢֮أ֮޲Ǹ޾ȡӷɷ 
죬ɫڼţơţơ 

