<ƪ>̵ݷ
̵ݷ
ߣ  
  
ݣԪ1644-1911  

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ԣ䣬л˹ߣŶ 
ȾȪ߻ۣ֢ʩΣڶʤơƶܹҩߣ 
Ⱦ 
㱸Ҷʩ룬ⱨʽ̵֮ ߣѶ֡磬Ⱦ 
ʱĸãʾԻ̵ ʼ档Զ幫˹֢ҽںĳ 
ҽ¶䴫ڡ길֪˼ѣ֮šȡ 
ɷϰ֮֮ҲʩΣ費ȡ顣ڼ 
侭ҽߣȬö١䲻֪ҽߣɥ֪ǳ񩣬 
Ϊϼ˹Ƶ壬Բªżƽʱ 
 
飬ȱΣηҽƽ׼򵱣һ֪ 
֮ࡣ˵ô˱࣬δ˲δ˲׾֮ˣǲ˹ 
ΪççȺ㿪㷨֮ҲǱΪ̵ š販֮ʿ˹֢ 
ߣʧ֮ϣڽҲ 
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ԣ΢ߣ̵Ҳߣ Ҳз̵̵̵֮ͬ 
 
̵ ֮졣״࣬Ի̵ӡ ߣ̵ 
֢֮֮öҲ 
̵ߣʪ֮ھ磬Ⱥȣ˸סڣھ䣬 
ɢʪ̵֮ࡣ 
̵ߣʱȣʳ峴ŨζΪɫ췢ȣ˼ף 
Ƣк֮ࡣ 
̵ߣɸдʱɱ֮ڶҸ׺ˡߺȽͷѣǿ 
˵Ѫ֮ࡣ 
 ߣ飬ö꣬ʮʼߡСʹ 
 
ȣ÷֪ʹʳв֮ˮ²кҺ£ɢⶾѪ 
֮ࡣ 
 ߣǳƣŭ˸ΣǸɺˡ䣬 
ӣСһݻ𣬾ȣŭν֮ࡣ 
̵ ߣʳȲϲŭƢ䣬ɽˣ÷ 
΢죬ƣף˻̵֮ࡣ 
ĸɮŮңлʧʧ־죬˼죬ģ˼ 
Ƣ 
ƢѪˣΪΣѪοᣬοңɢ 
Ƣ㸽Ƥɽ١ĸľ֮Ҳ 

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ԣͷԹǣǲλ̵ ྱ£ԿɷȽ 
 
˺ߣ̵Ҳ𲻷ȣɫײʹߣ ҲԺζ 
Ρ 
ӸҳʱȻӸ֮ˣ֮λ̵ ˣ֮Ʋ 
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̵ ˣƤĤڡӡ㶹̶ʱȽ缦 
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̵ ƺ󣬶಻裬ˮʱҩȡЧΩúػ 
֮չ٣ҲӱҺݽߣ񩡣 
̵ ˣ״λߣơ£Ϊ 
 
̵ʺҸһöߣ˩°˷ճѨߣΪճ̵䣬 
ߣ ؾǰ棬£ߣ塣вۣ 
ͻȻ״ߣΪв̵ִǽߣΪ̵ߣΪ̵ 
ߣ̵ϣ縲ߣж̵ڿѨ ǽߣ̵˴ 
 
ߣԻ̵ѣڽڲߣ Ȼţ 
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񣬼̵֪֮֮ Ե϶ ֣ڼη̵ 
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ͷѨ ڼͷ·УѨߴ 
ճѨ  Ѩڶ°˷֡ 
Ѩ ڶ࣬Ѩ롣 
ϵڶͼأѨ̵ ֢ߣѨպϸ 
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ͥѨ ָָ֮Ǽ䡣 
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ϥѨ ϥǹС 
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Ѩ ڿڴǾ֮䡣 
ϵͼأѨ̵ ߣѨ󻼹һ 
 
˫ԻҾΡͼӡîȡ硢δΪж㣬 
պϸƲ֮жյ㡣޶㣬׺˻֮˴ߣն㣻С 
һ㡣޶յ֮ҪҲ 

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ԣ֮ҩ̵ؼ渡̵غ̵妣  
 
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ʵٿݣϸѯȺã֪Ϊ֢úηѭӡȽƽ 
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ԣ   ţ β   һǮ ߣǮ  
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ԣ Ƥ   ĵ 壨Ǯ ţӣǮ룩   ľ 
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ԣףǮ    ϣǮ   ĵ 壨Ǯ 
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ϹΪĩΪ裬㶹ÿʮ衣£֢֮ɼӽ۹Ǯ 
 
ţϥǮȷҩһ󣬼ɷ裬ȫΪȡ績ߣ 
̥Ϊдĵáסţҩ˷ֲɲ֪Ҳ 
̵֮ ֮ʮӰ˾ţ֮ʮһ̵ӣ 
 
Ȭ Σ̲𣬵Ѫ಻ƫϡ֮ 
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вٸзҲ˵ŹϵҪֻں˶ȼһ㣬 
޶յ㴦˽û𹥣粽ģԺڪ˶ɱ˺ 
õƻһΣȡ֮⣬ɹ٣ 
 
Ϊȡӻ֢֮ᣬ֮٣ÿ ߶಻ܳ־ͣ;ż 
ҽҩӣٷ磬಻ΣϿϧҲ֪˲տ߷² 
Ϊڲߵû𹥣ڷ裬Ҳ 
û𹥺һиҩãҲùƻƲδ 
յ 
ƤݡҩϣƤѨ棬Ǽõƻҩ޲ 
ڲֻԵƻ΢֮ɰõƻ 
޲֮ 

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     з    ƻ   Ϻ ľ 
 

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﷢ζˮȣ˽ʳֽˮϴ㣬̤أðˮ 
ҹ 
£ҹ¶籼Уܷ˽ʳ峴Ĳŭ͡ʳ 
Сĸ˽䡣ܽߣٲһЧ䲻ܳ־ãÿЧ٣; 
 
ȫϣʤƣϼȱȽǣϿ̾˲ߣн 
ɲעɡ 

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ҽʿҩֹʹõڳӲ쳣ǣøƣϵ׷ۡ 
ʱֹö࣬ŮĸΪ֢֮֮ףŮң 
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ǲӭڣŧѪɶڽգ࣬ȥ룬δ£ 
ηѭʩãϸˣƢ衢֮࣬³꼴 
һӡ 
ɢԫƽ⣬һˣڴС䲻ֹѯ֮ԻС 
 
ҹ֪֢ȷȣŴﵩ˫ֹļףԸкһ 
ö˻ߣ޿ءԻ˩Ϊ̵֮һΣؽգ 
Ϣͨɼȡ͡Ʋݣ֮û𹥺СܳԻѾζ 
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ʱ 
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ΣաԷ෽ʳ糣ÿûһΣδϣԿƢ̥Ѫ 
ΪҪ¶ǶһС 
֣Һأӱӣ Ҹһ 
 
̶ɬԻô˽ Ҳǳ£Ƚ䲡࣬׺ȫ 
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س添һŮʮߣ» öҽ룬ÿʳ 
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䣬ĸԲδȬҽ֮ԣζŮʳ֮ 
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¸ҽʱȹ澭Ѫѳɣƴŧֹ֭Ի² 
Ϊӣ޴Ӳȡδ¶С 
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֢׺Ҳɫɿ룬Ϊ̡꣬ȻϽߣѪ֮ʵҲ 
ϲ롣֮ôƤ㣬ԼѪΪȣȡˮԿڣ 
ٹ̵Ѫ³봵ɢס£̵֮ҩ١Ωҩɿຮ 
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