<ƪ>ҽ
ҽ
ߣ̩  
  
ݣԪ1644-1911  

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>֮
ԣмд֣޸ɿɡ 
裨һ¹ɡѧʿռñ·ԣþƽ 
ȥ 
 
 
ν֮ͼСʧ˿ӣ裬ú͡ײζӣ 
 
ɣ٣ٶʧɬΩ˶ѰԴơȻԷƷ 
˿˼áǺࣿƹʱŷΩùɬ̫ͨ 
Ѱ 
Դ֮̽Сأøӵȶ̫֮Լ㳺ӣ̫ 
Ҳٶ֮Ա֮Ϊ֮ҩȻԷ֮Ʒ 
ܵ½㡢١ƹֽ֮ࡣ ءܺ顢ָһ 
Ǯ 
롣Σ˲Σ  ݣʲݣǮͨһаǮӪ 
 
 
 
 
ԭ 
 
 
һ 
 
 
 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>֮
ԣԽƢԽƢɢίԽƢߣƢ֮Ϊ˽ڲ֮ 
У 
 
 
ƪ 
ơáˮ磬һϤףʣԺ޴ȣԽƢ֮ôԭ 
ⶴעߣ«ˮߣмУһףˮ 
ԻˮʵˮҲơáˮˮɼӡǷΪ 
аΡƢθܷ֮а亹ҺΪؼ淳޺״ 
ּ֮Ϸѡˮһţ֤ӣԻ֮ɶԽƢ 
ˮ߶ҪԡˮƪơáˮߣһĿףС 
ˮСҺʡԽƢ֮÷ˮ 
ˮҲˮ÷ߣСڿʣˮ 
ˮƤУȲΩзһʹ⣬ôӰʵƢʤˮֹ 
Ȩ֮ҲаЮУΪΪӰ루ģΡԽƢӰѡ 
 
ͣȶ˴Ŀ״ߣԽƢԭӰҲҴΪ 
ɢаԽƢɢа֮֮࣬٣ðģδС 
ߣҴ󣬲аҲ֦ԽƢһ 
 
ԡ˺̫ƪơá̫ȶ񺮣ȶຮ٣΢ߣҲ 
ɷ˹֦ԽƢһϲ˺ռơáپԲɷز 
ƣθ֮಻ʯࡣŷͬҩͬߣѭ 
ʵҲ˵֤࣬ò֦Ϊǡֽ˵ǡ 
֣پ֮һΪɣν֮ͨơԻá 
֮νù֦һ˵ǡȻط΢ȶຮ 
˿ѡϲ˺ռơá̫ϲȶຮٶ޺ߡ 
Ȼؼ֤֮䲻󸡻΢֮ʲƣˮˮ 
Ӻ˹Ҫԡˮƪơáˮ亹ѡ飨ƣøʲн 
ɢˮƢּƵøʲݣнɢˮƢȡˮ֮Ϊּ 
С¹̱ӸӣƸҪԡˮƪơáˮ 
֮ΪС˴ʹˮѡ츽Һ 
ʹҺΪˮȥˮšʮ֤ 
 
 
 
ˮ 
޺֮ˣС㲻֮ǡҪҲ亮¾ˮС㣻 
޺֤֮൱ȻԹ¾֮ҩơҲ 
ʹˮڱ亹ʹˮë϶С㲻С㣬 
ʹˮ϶£Ȼؼɢ֮Ҳ̫ƽͼַ 
֣ʲȥƤ⵷ڸʲڣա⣬ȡ䷢ 
ƤȡɬʲãзҲ纮Է֮áθðа̵࣬ 
̡ɢʳԻڡθʪ¡ 
ΰܶɢӳ£֣ס˲ΰܶɢʪ֮а廯ǣӳ׳Ƣθ֮ 
 
ʯܼá˲ʯƢ飬á֤ 
 
׼ѡ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>֮
ԣɢ΢ռñ·Ѫأθ˺Ѫʹɽߡս 
 
 
ÿ 
 
У 
˷θ֮Ϊ˺аȳ磬ѪϽ֮ΡѪأ 
й֦컨Ӻʣԭһ뾡֮⣬Ȼܲ˷֮ؾķ 
 
΢ռñ·Ͷʮöߴ磩ͳɸ࣬ð 
ģ 
ҩΪĩˮͣģ԰ϣ䲡ȥӡ 
׳Ϊȡžˣ֮Ҳ˷в 
ݴΪΡʮپҪԡܾ죨죩ꪣꪣȷ֣Ϊ 
ĩ 
ʮöҩˮգвƦӲʹŻ棬֤ˮΪ 
پˮֲ֮ͬҲ̵ó̵ˮ֮ˮΪ 
Ϊ̵ˮΪΪμҪԡ̵šư 
ƣСθࡶϪķ̵̵̵֣ 
ᡣ˷ҩͣ׳ʵ̵ˣɡһֶСθ 
 
ˡ˺ʵʹȲ㣬з罩ͷ˷Ϊһ 
øʲݣʩپ֮ءټӲ񣨺ˣˣˮ׹ȿᣨ 
һ 
УȽθʺڿʶˮȽ˿ 
Ҳһ˲۹潪棬ʵ֤Ѫߣȥâ 
ˡš˺֤顷л񣨺ˣˣΣ˲Σݣ 
ݣİ 
ơСȥġ棬ﺮű˷磬͸Ȳ⡣ 

<Ŀ¼>
<ƪ>ͽ֮
ԣ֦پ˺ۡΪͷ棬֦ͷ֮棬Ҳҩ  
֦ 
γθ 
 
 
 
ۡз֦ 
 
̫֮Ҫ· 
£֮Ϊ 
֮ 
ֹ͡ 
ȣԷ 
⣨ 
ɣƦĪ 
֦ȣƿ 
֦飨 
 
Ӫֹʹ 
 
ֹ 
˺ 
֮ʡ 
ֹʹ 
 
Ҳ֣ҩ 
Ѽ 
ҩڣ 
Խ֮ 
һ 
öȥƣ 
 
 
 
ȫ 

